A typical storage battery that uses porous lead dioxide (PbO2 ) for the positive electrode active material, sponge-like lead (Pb) for the negative electrode active material, and a 33-37% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid ( H2SO4 ) for the electrolyte. It was invented in 1859 by the Frenchman Raimond Louis Gaston Planté (1834-1889), and has a long history of undergoing many improvements. When a lead acid battery is discharged, the positive electrode reacts with PbO 2 +SO 4 2- +4H 3 O + +2e - In the method using paste-type electrodes, the grid material of the electrodes, which also serves as the current collector, is usually a lead alloy containing 2 to 6% antimony. In addition, expanded grids have been put into practical use, in which lead-calcium alloy sheets are cut and stretched to form a grid. These grids are filled with paste-like lead dioxide powder or paste-like lead powder to form the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. A glass mat is placed on the surface to prevent the active material from falling off, and the positive and negative electrodes are placed opposite each other through a separator in a sulfuric acid electrolyte. Several cells with this structure are connected in parallel or series and stored in a synthetic resin battery case. When a clad-type (tube-type) electrode is used for the positive electrode, a lead alloy core is inserted into a porous glass fiber tube, and the gap is filled with lead dioxide paste, which is an active material, and the plates are arranged in a frame. The structure makes it difficult for the lead dioxide to fall off, and the durability is excellent, so the charge-discharge cycle life can be extended. A paste type is always used for the negative electrode, but repeated charging and discharging causes the sponge-like lead to shrink and densify, reducing the capacity. To prevent this, small amounts of shrinkage inhibitors such as lignin-based substances or barium sulfate are added. Lead-acid batteries are sealed to prevent leakage from corroding peripheral devices, and vented batteries have an exhaust plug on the top of the battery to prevent the escape of acid mist during charging and the loss of water. Sealed batteries (sealed batteries) have a function in which oxygen generated from the positive electrode during charging is reacted and absorbed by the negative electrode, putting the negative electrode in a chemically discharged state to suppress the generation of hydrogen, and eliminating the need for water replenishment. They also have a safety valve (control valve) that operates when the internal pressure exceeds a certain level, making them maintenance-free. In addition, catalytic plug sealed batteries use a catalyst and an explosion-proof filter to react hydrogen and oxygen generated during charging back into water, and are designed to prevent the escape of acid mist and the ignition and explosion of internal combustible gases caused by external fires. Sealed batteries are not currently in widespread use for automotive starter lead-acid batteries because the technology is not yet mature for reliability in harsh environments exceeding 70°C, but it is expected that sealed batteries will become popular in the future. In 2002, Japan's production share of lead-acid batteries was 28% of the total production value of storage batteries, and is showing a slight upward trend. Lead-acid batteries are high-output, portable, stable in quality, highly reliable and economical, and are used for starting automobile engines and as a power source for forklifts, etc. Stationary batteries are used for emergency power sources, backup power sources, power storage, solar cell power generation systems, etc., while small-capacity sealed lead-acid batteries are used in motorcycles and uninterruptible power supplies, etc., of which 62% are used for starting automobiles. [Mitsuru Asano] "Battery User's Guide" by Takamura Tsutomu and Sato Yuichi (1988, Corona Publishing)" ▽ "Battery Evolution and Electronics - Thin, Small, High Performance" by Ikeda Hironosuke (1992, Kogyo Chosakai)" ▽ "Illustrated Guide to Batteries" by Ikeda Hironosuke, Takeshima Genji and Umeo Yoshiyuki (1996, Nihon Jitsugyo Publishing)" ▽ "Latest Secondary Battery Material Technology" popular edition edited by Ogumi Zenpachi (1999, CMC)" ▽ "Latest Practical Secondary Batteries: How to Select and Use" edited by Japan Battery Co., Ltd. (1999, Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun)" ▽ "Electrochemistry" edited by Ogumi Zenpachi (2000, Ohmsha) [Reference] | | |©Takashi Aoki Principle of electromotive reaction in lead-acid batteries Method using paste-type electrodes ©Takashi Aoki "> Example of the structure of an automotive lead-acid battery Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
正極活物質に多孔性二酸化鉛PbO2、負極活物質にスポンジ状鉛Pb、電解液には33~37%程度の硫酸H2SO4水溶液を用いる代表的な蓄電池。1859年にフランスのプランテRaimond Louis Gaston Planté(1834―1889)により発明され、多くの改良が加えられてきた長い歴史をもつ。 鉛蓄電池が放電すると、正極では ペースト式極板を用いる方式では、集電体を兼ねる極板の格子グリッド材料に、通常2~6%のアンチモンを含む鉛合金が用いられている。また鉛カルシウム合金シートに切れ目を入れて引き延ばし、格子状とするエキスパンド格子が実用化されている。これらの格子グリッドにペースト状二酸化鉛粉末あるいはペースト状鉛粉末を充填(じゅうてん)してそれぞれ正極または負極とする。そして表面にガラスマットを当てて活物質の脱落を防ぎ、硫酸電解液中で隔離板を介して正極と負極を対置する。このような構造の単電池を数個、並列あるいは直列に接続して、合成樹脂製の電槽に収納する。正極にクラッド式(チューブ式)極板を用いる場合には、ガラス繊維製の多孔性チューブに鉛合金芯金を挿入し、その空隙(くうげき)に活物質の二酸化鉛ペーストを充填して枠体に配列する。構造的に二酸化鉛が脱落しにくく耐久性に優れているため、充放電サイクル寿命を長くすることができる。負極にはつねにペースト式が用いられるが、充放電を繰り返すとスポンジ状鉛が収縮・緻密(ちみつ)化して容量が低下するので、それを防止するためにリグニン系物質や硫酸バリウムなどの防縮剤が少量添加されている。 鉛蓄電池は、漏液による周辺機器の腐食を避けるために密封構造とし、ベント形では充電時の酸霧の逸散や水の消耗を抑える目的で蓄電池の上部に排気栓が設けられている。またシール形(密閉形)では充電時に正極から発生する酸素を負極で反応吸収させ、負極を化学的に放電状態として水素の発生を抑え、補水を必要としない機能をもたせる。さらに定められた内圧を超えると作動する安全弁(制御弁)を備えていて、メンテナンスフリーとなっている。また触媒栓式シール形では、触媒と防爆フィルターにより充電時に発生する水素と酸素を反応させて水に戻すとともに、酸霧の放散や外部火種による内部可燃ガスの引火爆発を防ぐようくふうされている。自動車始動用鉛蓄電池では、70℃を越えるような厳しい環境下での信頼性が技術的に未熟であるため、現状ではシール形は普及していないが、将来的にはシール形になるものと考えられる。 2002年(平成14)における日本の鉛蓄電池の生産シェアは蓄電池総生産額の28%で、やや増加の傾向にある。高出力で移動可能であり、安定した品質、高い信頼性や経済性を有する鉛蓄電池が自動車のエンジン始動用やフォークリフトなどの動力用電源に用いられているほか、据置用が非常用電源、予備電源、電力貯蔵用、太陽電池発電システム用などに、また小容量の小形シール鉛蓄電池が、二輪自動車用や無停電電源装置など多方面で使用されており、そのうち自動車始動用が62%を占める。 [浅野 満] 『高村勉・佐藤祐一著『ユーザーのための電池読本』(1988・コロナ社)』▽『池田宏之助著『電池の進化とエレクトロニクス――薄く・小さく・高性能』(1992・工業調査会)』▽『池田宏之助編著、武島源二・梅尾良之著『「図解」電池のはなし』(1996・日本実業出版社)』▽『小久見善八監修『最新二次電池材料の技術』普及版(1999・シーエムシー)』▽『日本電池株式会社編『最新実用二次電池 その選び方と使い方』(1999・日刊工業新聞社)』▽『小久見善八編著『電気化学』(2000・オーム社)』 [参照項目] | | |©青木 隆"> 鉛蓄電池の起電反応の原理 ペースト式極板を用いる方式©青木 隆"> 自動車用鉛蓄電池の構造例 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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