In traditional logic, this term is used to refer to a property common to the whole set of things (extension) to which a concept applies. For example, the intension of the concept "human" is said to be "rational among two-legged animals." Here, the extension of "two-legged animals" is broader, including the extension of "human." In this case, "two-legged animals" is said to be a generic concept that is higher than "human." Also, "rational" distinguishes humans from other two-legged animals such as birds, and is called a "specific difference." In other words, intension is shown by giving the immediately higher generic concept and specific difference. In modern logic, extension has been generalized to sets. Then, when a set is established as the whole set of things that satisfy a certain condition, that condition can be considered to be intensification. For example, the intensification of the half-open interval [2,3) is shown by the formula 2≦x<3. [Yoshida Natsuhiko] [Reference item] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
伝統的論理学で、一つの概念が当てはまる事物の全体(外延)に共通な性質をいうときのことば。たとえば、「人間」という概念の内包は「2本足の動物のなかで理性的なものである」などといわれる。ここで「2本足の動物」の外延は「人間」の外延を含んでより広い。こうしたとき、「2本足の動物」は「人間」より上位にある類概念であるといわれる。また、「理性的である」は、同じく2本足の動物である鳥などから人間を区別するもので「種差」とよばれる。すなわち、内包は、すぐ上位にある類概念と種差とを与えることによって示されるとされた。現代論理学では、外延は集合に一般化されている。そうして、一つの集合が一定の条件を満たすものの全体として定着されているときの、その条件が内包にあたるものだと考えてよい。たとえば半開区間[2,3)の内包は、2≦x<3という式で示される。 [吉田夏彦] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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