Endocrine glands

Japanese: 内分泌腺 - ないぶんぴつせん
Endocrine glands

Organs (glands) that are distributed throughout the body and are attached to various organ systems such as the digestive system, respiratory system, urinary and reproductive system, vascular system, and nervous system. They are also called endocrine glands. Endocrine glands produce various hormones, which enter the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels directly and circulate throughout the body. Therefore, endocrine gland tissues are characterized by the lack of ducts to discharge secretions to the outside, but they are rich in capillaries. Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland (brain hypophysis), pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland (parathyroid gland), thymus gland, adrenal gland (supra-renal gland), parasegments (para-aortic gland, carotid body, etc.), islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) of the pancreas, interstitial cells of the testes, corpus luteum and follicles of the ovaries, and placenta. In addition, the salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, and spleen are also said to produce certain types of hormones. It has also been revealed that some nerve cells secrete hormones in addition to their original function of transmitting stimuli. Nerve cells in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus in the human diencephalon secrete antidiuretic hormone and uterine muscle contraction hormone, among others. The functions of these endocrine glands are often unrelated to the location in which they are located. Examples include the pineal gland in the brain, the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands in the neck, the thymus gland on the back of the sternum, and the adrenal glands attached to the top of the kidneys.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Endocrine Glands of Animals

There are various endocrine glands in animals. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, ultrobranchial gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, placenta, pineal gland, kidney, digestive tract, and thymus contain cells that perform endocrine functions. In invertebrates, the brain, corpus allata, prothoracic gland, and subesophageal ganglion in insects perform endocrine functions and regulate various phenomena such as molting, metamorphosis, reproduction, and hibernation. Other well-known endocrine glands include the eye gland located in the part connecting the brain and optic lobe of cephalopod mollusks (promotes the development of the gonads), the X organ in the eye stalk of crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs (a group of neurosecretory cells whose bundle of axons ends in the sinus gland), and the Y organ in the antennal segment and maxilla segment secrete hormones that regulate molting, and the androgenic gland attached to part of the male reproductive organs of malocclusions (involved in sex differentiation). In addition, the nervous tissue of the starfish, an echinoderm, secretes a substance that stimulates the gonads. It has been found that this substance causes the follicles in the ovaries to secrete substances that promote egg maturation and gamete release. The group of cells that secrete such substances can also be called endocrine glands.

[Kikuyama Sakae]

Major Endocrine Glands of the Human Body
©Mitsuyoshi Tashiro ">

Major Endocrine Glands of the Human Body


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

消化器系、呼吸器系、泌尿・生殖器系、脈管系、神経系などの諸器官系にそれぞれ付属して体内に分散している器官(腺)。「ないぶんぴせん」とも読み、内分泌器ともいう。内分泌腺はさまざまなホルモンを産生し、直接、血管やリンパ管に入り、体内を循環する。したがって、内分泌腺組織には分泌物を外部に排出する導管がないのが特徴であるが、内分泌腺組織の内部には、毛細血管が豊富に分布している。内分泌腺としては、下垂体(脳下垂体)、松果体、甲状腺、上皮小体(副甲状腺)、胸腺、副腎(ふくじん)(腎上体)、旁節(ぼうせつ)(大動脈旁体、頸(けい)動脈小体など)、膵臓(すいぞう)のランゲルハンス島(膵島)、精巣(睾丸(こうがん))の間細胞、卵巣の黄体および卵胞、胎盤などがあげられる。このほかに、唾液(だえき)腺、胃、小腸、脾臓(ひぞう)などもある種のホルモンを生産するといわれる。また、神経細胞にも、本来の刺激伝達の働きのほかに、ホルモンを分泌するもののあることが明らかにされている。ヒトの間脳にある室旁核、視索上核の神経細胞は抗利尿ホルモン、子宮筋収縮ホルモンなどを分泌する。こうした内分泌腺の働きは、位置している部位とは関係のない場合も多い。脳内の松果体、頸部の甲状腺と上皮小体、胸骨の裏面にある胸腺、腎臓上端に付着する副腎などがその例である。

[嶋井和世]

動物の内分泌腺

動物体内には種々の内分泌腺がある。脊椎(せきつい)動物では、視床下部、下垂体、甲状腺、鰓後(さいこう)腺、副甲状腺、膵臓、副腎、生殖腺、胎盤、松果体、腎臓、消化管、胸腺などが内分泌機能を営む細胞を含んでいる。無脊椎動物では、昆虫で脳、アラタ体、前胸腺、食道下神経節などが内分泌を行い、脱皮、変態、生殖、休眠といった諸現象を調節している。また、軟体動物の頭足類の脳と視葉をつなぐ部分にある眼腺(生殖巣の発達を促す)、甲殻類のエビやカニの眼柄(がんぺい)にあるX器官(神経分泌細胞群でその軸索の束はサイナス腺に終わる)、触角節や小顎(しょうがく)節にあるY器官が脱皮を調節するホルモンを分泌し、軟甲類の雄の生殖器官の一部に付着する造雄腺(性分化に関与する)などがよく知られている。また棘皮(きょくひ)動物のヒトデの神経組織から生殖巣を刺激する物質が分泌される。この物質は、卵巣の濾胞(ろほう)から卵成熟、配偶子放出を促す物質を分泌させることがみいだされたが、このような物質を分泌する細胞群も内分泌腺といえよう。

[菊山 栄]

人体のおもな内分泌腺
©田代三善">

人体のおもな内分泌腺


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