Lima (English spelling)

Japanese: リマ（英語表記）Lima

The capital of Peru and the capital of Lima Province. It is located in the desert area on the Pacific coast in central Peru, near the mouth of the Limac River, which flows down from the Andes Mountains in the east. Although it is in a tropical lowland (about 150m above sea level), the cold Peruvian Current that flows north along the coast causes the monthly average temperature to be 20-23°C in summer and 15-18°C in winter. The annual precipitation is only 30-40mm, and falls as a drizzle called garua. Most days are covered with clouds throughout the year. F. Pizarro, the conqueror of the Inca Empire, originally established the colonial government in Cusco, the capital of the Inca, which was in the Andes Mountains. In 1535, he built Lima on the coast, which was convenient for communication with Spain, and moved the capital of the colony there. When the Viceroyalty of Peru was established in 1544, it became its capital, and prospered through trade along the Pacific coast and minerals from the interior. Because it was frequently attacked by pirates, city walls were built in the 1680s, and a fortress was built in the outer port of Callao in 1770. The population, which was 25,000 in 1616, gradually increased to 54,000 in 1775, 100,000 in 1876, and over 500,000 by 1940. During this time, it became Peru's capital when it gained independence from Spain in 1821. At the end of the 19th century, a railway was built between Callao and La Oroya in the Andes, connecting the city to both the Pacific coast and the inland, and an influx of people from rural areas provided cheap labor, leading to the development of industry. It is the industrial center that produces the majority of Peru's industrial production, and is home to industries such as textiles, plastics, lumber, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and synthetic fibers, as well as heavy industry. As the city developed, the urban area expanded, and in the early 19th century it spread to Pueblo Libre in the south, and in the 20th century it expanded to Miraflores, Barranco, and Chorrillos in the south, Callao in the west, and Limac on the north bank of the Limac River in the north. Connected with Callao, it forms the Lima-Callao metropolitan area, and is an overcrowded city with nearly one-third of Peru's total population. Many old colonial buildings are preserved in the city among modern buildings, and the old town, designed in a checkerboard pattern, retains a strong resemblance to the past, and was registered as a cultural heritage of the World Heritage Site in 1988. It is also the cultural center of Peru, and the city is home to more than 10 universities, including the University of San Marcos, founded in 1551 as the first university in South America, and many cultural facilities such as museums, art galleries, libraries, and theaters. The railroad and tram lines connecting Callao were abolished in 1963, and the road network within the city was improved and expanded to connect with the Pan-American Highway along the Pacific coast and the Central Highway into the Andes. Callao has an international airport. Population: 289,855 (2005 estimate).

Lima
Lima, Alceu Amoroso

Born: December 11, 1893 in Rio de Janeiro
[Died] August 15, 1983. Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian critic. After graduating from the Faculty of Law at the University of Brazil, he traveled to Europe to study. In 1919, while he was writing under the pen name Tristão de Ataíde, he also founded the Catholic Institute for Advanced Studies, served as rector of the University of Brazil, and taught Brazilian literature at the university and Catholic University. In 1935, he became a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was active as a literary critic in his early days, but after converting to Catholicism, he attracted many readers in the fields of religion, society, and politics. His major works include Afonso Arinos (1922), Contribuição à História do Modernismo (1939), Poesia Brasileira Contemporânea (Contemporary Brazilian Poetry) (1940), O Crítico Literário (Literary Critic) (1945), and A Introdução à Literatura Brasileira (Introduction to Brazilian Literature) (1956).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ペルーの首都。またリマ県の県都。ペルー中部，太平洋岸の砂漠地帯にあり，東のアンデス山脈から流下するリマク川南岸の河口近くに位置する。熱帯の低地 (標高約 150m) にあるが，沿岸を北流する冷たいペルー海流の影響で，月平均気温は夏でも 20～23℃，冬は 15～18℃。年間わずか 30～40mmの降水は，ガルアと呼ばれる霧雨となって降る。年間を通じて雲に覆われる日が多い。インカ帝国の征服者 F.ピサロは当初アンデス山中にあったインカの首都クスコに植民地政府を置いたが，1535年スペイン本国との連絡に便利な沿岸部にリマを建設，植民地の首都をここに移した。 1544年ペルー副王領の設置とともにその首都とされ，太平洋沿岸の交易と内陸部からの鉱産物により繁栄。しばしば海賊の攻撃を受けたため，1680年代市壁が築かれ，1770年には外港カヤオに要塞が建設された。 1616年に2万 5000であった人口はしだいに増加，1775年5万 4000，1876年 10万，1940年までには 50万をこえた。この間 1821年ペルーがスペインから独立するとともにその首都となった。 19世紀末にはカヤオとアンデス山中のラオロヤまで鉄道が通じて，太平洋岸，内陸部両方面と結ばれ，また農村部からの人口流入により安価な労働力が得られ工業が発達した。ペルーの工業生産の大半を生産する工業中心地で，織物，プラスチック，製材，医薬品，化学，合成繊維などの工業が立地し，重工業も発達している。市の発展に伴って都市域も拡大，19世紀初めには南のプエブロリブレに，20世紀にかけては南にミラフロレス，バランコ，チョリヨス，西にカヤオ，北にリマク川北岸のリマクへと広がった。カヤオと連接してリマ＝カヤオ大都市圏を形成し，ペルーの総人口の3分の1近くが集中する過密都市となっている。市内には近代的なビルに混じって植民地時代の古い建築物も数多く保存され，特に碁盤状に設計された旧市街は当時の面影を色濃く残しており，1988年世界遺産の文化遺産に登録。ペルーの文化中心地でもあり，市内には 1551年南アメリカ最初の大学として創設されたサンマルコス大学をはじめとする 10以上の大学があり，博物館，美術館，図書館，劇場などの文化施設が多い。カヤオと結ぶ鉄道と市電は 1963年廃止され，代わって市内の道路網が整備，拡充され，太平洋岸を通るパンアメリカン・ハイウェーとアンデス山中へ延びる中央道路に連絡。カヤオには国際空港がある。人口 28万9855（2005推計）。

リマ
Lima， Alceu Amoroso

[生]1893.12.11. リオデジャネイロ
[没]1983.8.15. リオデジャネイロ
ブラジルの評論家。ブラジル大学法学部卒業後，ヨーロッパに遊学。 1919年から Tristão de Ataídeの筆名で文筆活動をするかたわら，カトリック高等研究所を創設，ブラジル大学学長を務め，同大学およびカトリック大学などで，ブラジル文学を教えるなど広く活躍。 1935年ブラジル文学アカデミー会員。初期には文芸評論家として活躍したが，カトリックに改宗してからは宗教，社会，政治の分野にわたり多くの読者をひきつけた。主著『アフォンソ・アリーノス』 Afonso Arinos (1922) ，『近代主義の歴史への貢献』 Contribuição à História do Modernismo (1939) ，『現代のブラジル詩』 Poesia Brasileira Contemporânea (1940) ，『文芸評論家』O Crítico Literário (1945) ，『ブラジル文学入門』A Introdução à Literatura Brasileira (1956) 。

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