Internal friction

Japanese: 内部摩擦 - ないぶまさつ
Internal friction

When a force within the elastic range is applied to an object and then suddenly removed, the object will vibrate, but the amplitude of the vibration will gradually decrease and it will eventually stop ( Figure A ). No matter how you cut off the escape route of the energy to the outside, such as by suspending the object on a thin string or creating a vacuum around it, the mechanical vibrations will eventually stop. This is because the vibrational energy is converted to heat inside the material and dissipates. This effect is called internal friction, since the energy is dissipated not by friction with the outside, but by internal friction. The lower the internal friction, the better for materials for musical instruments and temple bells, while materials with high internal friction are desirable for parts such as turbines and aircraft, where strange vibrations can cause problems.

Internal friction is defined as the energy loss per cycle, ΔW / W ( W is the vibration energy, ΔW is the energy lost per cycle), or the tangent of the delay angle (radian) φ of the strain relative to the stress, tanφ. The relationship between the two is as follows:
Δ W / W =2πsinφ≈2πφ…(1)
On the other hand, when measuring internal friction, it is often calculated from the change in amplitude when the vibration of an object naturally decays. In other words, the logarithmic decay rate (magnitude of internal friction) δ defined by the following formula
δ=(1/ n )ln (A0/An ) ( 2)
is also often used as a measure of internal friction. Here, A 0 and A n are the amplitudes of the first and nth time, respectively. Between δ and φ,
δ = πφ…(3)
There is a relationship as follows.

Another commonly used value is Q -1 . This value is derived from the Q value quality factor, which indicates the sharpness of the resonance of an electrical resonant circuit, and corresponds to the half-width of the resonance curve, with Q -1 being equal to φ. By convention, Q -1 is often used even when the internal friction is calculated from a value other than the half-width of the resonance curve.

The relationships between the quantities expressing internal friction mentioned above can be summarized as follows:

Q -1 = φ = Δ W /2π W = δ/π……(4)
Normally, internal friction is at most about 10 -2 , so sinφ ≒ tanφ ≒ φ.

[Masahiro Koiwa]

Snake Peak

Measuring the logarithmic decrement at different temperatures allows us to know the amount of impurities and lattice defects in a metal, as well as their mobility. Figure B shows the magnitude of internal friction in iron containing carbon as a function of temperature, with a peak appearing around 30°C. This peak appears at the temperature where the vibration frequency of the sample (about 0.6 Hz in this case) and the jump frequency of the carbon atoms in the iron are nearly equal, and it is known that the height of the peak is proportional to the amount of carbon in the iron. This phenomenon was studied in detail by the Dutch researcher J.L. Snoek (1902-1950), and it is named after him as the Snoek peak.

[Masahiro Koiwa]

[Reference] | Friction
Damping of free vibration (Fig. A)
©Shogakukan ">

Damping of free vibration (Fig. A)

Internal friction of iron containing carbon (Figure B)
©Shogakukan ">

Internal friction of iron containing carbon (Figure B)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体に弾性範囲内の力を加えて、これを急に取り去ると振動するが、その振幅はしだいに小さくなり、やがて静止する(図A)。物体を細い糸で吊(つ)るし、周りを真空にするなど、エネルギーの外部への逃げ道をいかに断ったとしても、機械的振動はやがて止まってしまう。これは、振動エネルギーが物質の内部で熱に変わり消散してしまうためである。この効果は、エネルギーが外部との摩擦ではなく、内部における摩擦により消散するという意味で内部摩擦とよばれている。楽器用の材料やお寺の鐘は内部摩擦が小さいほどよいし、タービンや航空機など変な振動が発生するとぐあいが悪い部分には、内部摩擦が大きい材料が望まれる。

 内部摩擦は1サイクル当りのエネルギー損失ΔWWWは振動エネルギー、ΔWは1サイクル当りに失われるエネルギー)あるいは応力に対するひずみの遅れ角(ラジアン)φの正接、tanφと定義され、両者間には、
  ΔWW=2πsinφ≈2πφ…(1)
の関係がある。一方、内部摩擦を測定する場合には、物体の振動が自然に減衰するときの振幅の変化から求めることが多い。すなわち、次式で定義される対数減衰率(内部摩擦の大きさ)δ
  δ=(1/n)ln(A0An)…(2)
も内部摩擦の尺度としてよく用いられる。ここで、A0Anはそれぞれ初回およびn回目の振幅である。δとφの間には、
  δ=πφ…(3)
という関係がある。

 前記以外によく使われるものにQ-1がある。これは電気的共振回路の共振の鋭さを表わすQ値quality factorに由来するもので、共振曲線の半値幅に対応し、Q-1はφに等しい。内部摩擦を共振曲線の半値幅以外から求めた場合にも慣習上Q-1を用いることが多い。

 以上に述べた内部摩擦を表す諸量の関係は以下のようにまとめられる。

  Q-1=φ=ΔW/2πW=δ/π……(4)
通常、内部摩擦はたかだか10-2程度なのでsinφ≒tanφ≒φとしてよい。

[小岩昌宏]

スネーク・ピーク

対数減衰率を温度を変えて測定すると、金属中の不純物や格子欠陥の量、動きやすさなどを知ることができる。図Bは、炭素を含む鉄の内部摩擦の大きさを温度の関数として示したものであるが、30℃付近にピークが現れている。このピークは、試料の振動数(この場合は約0.6ヘルツ)と鉄中の炭素原子のジャンプ頻度がほぼ等しくなる温度に現れ、ピークの高さは鉄中の炭素量に比例することが知られている。この現象を詳しく研究したのはオランダの研究者スネークJ. L. Snoek(1902―1950)であり、その名を冠して、スネーク・ピークとよばれている。

[小岩昌宏]

[参照項目] | 摩擦
自由振動の減衰〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

自由振動の減衰〔図A〕

炭素を含む鉄の内部摩擦〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

炭素を含む鉄の内部摩擦〔図B〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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