Trolley bus - toro-ri-bus (English spelling)

Japanese: トロリーバス - とろりーばす(英語表記)trolley bus
Trolley bus - toro-ri-bus (English spelling)

A rail vehicle that does not require rails to run on. The current collector and drive unit are the same as those of conventional streetcars, but the car body, steering mechanism, wheels, etc. are the same as those of automobiles. Legally, they are treated as being equivalent to tracks, but because their structure and function are special, their construction and operation are regulated in Japan by the Railless Electric Train Construction Regulations and Railless Electric Train Operation Regulations.

[Shoji Matsuzawa]

history

It was first put into practical use in the UK in 1911 and was modernised in the US. It was first fully operational in Japan in 1932 (Showa 7) on a 1.6 km stretch between Shijo Omiya and Shijo Nishioji in Kyoto. It was then put into operation in Nagoya in 1943, but this was not due to the modernisation of road transport, but rather due to a shortage of rails during World War II.

After the war, the Ministry of Transport (now the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) made efforts to develop and subsidize trolleybuses as a road transport system suited to the conditions of Japan, a country with few oil resources. As a result, trolleybuses began operation in Kawasaki City in 1951 (Showa 26), Tokyo the following year, and then Osaka City. However, from around 1965, as automobile traffic rapidly grew and spread and began to occupy road space, and as bus route networks in particular became more extensive, trolleybuses were gradually abolished along with trams, and as of 2001 (Heisei 13), trolleybuses are only in operation between Ogizawa and Kurobe Dam on the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route, and between Daikanbo and Murodo. However, trolleybuses are attracting attention around the world as one of the new environmentally friendly transport systems of the 21st century.

[Shoji Matsuzawa]

Features

Compared to streetcars, trolleybuses have many advantages, such as: (1) construction costs are about half as much as streetcars because they do not need to lay rails; (2) the ride is comfortable, although this depends on the condition of the roads; (3) they make less noise; (4) they are not tied to rails, so there are no delays due to accidents; (5) passengers can board and disembark directly from the sidewalk, so there is no need for boarding and disembarking facilities on the road; and (6) maintenance costs are relatively low. On the other hand, they also have some disadvantages, such as: (1) the vehicles are smaller than streetcars, so the transportation unit is smaller; and (2) the driver's cab is at one end, so special loop-shaped overhead wiring equipment is required at the turnaround points.

Compared to buses, electric trains have the following advantages: (1) no engine noise, (2) no pollution or environmental problems from exhaust gases, and (3) resource conservation since they do not directly use petroleum as a power source. On the other hand, they also have the following disadvantages: (1) they are tied to overhead lines, which limits freedom of operation, and (2) they require substations and overhead lines, which increases construction costs.

[Shoji Matsuzawa]

"Trolleybuses Change Cities" by Gohiro Mori (2001, Rick) "Japanese Trolleybuses" by Fumio Yoshikawa (1994, Electric Vehicle Research Association)

[Reference] | Bus | Tram
Trolley Bus
The train collects electricity from overhead wires strung above the road and runs on it. San Francisco, USA ©Shogakukan ">

Trolley Bus


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

走行用のレールを必要としない鉄道車両。集電装置、駆動装置は従来の路面電車と同様であるが、車体、舵(かじ)取り機構、車輪などは自動車と同様である。法制上は軌道に準ずるものとして取り扱われるが、建設や運転については構造や機能が特殊なため、日本では無軌条電車建設規則および無軌条電車運転規則に定められている。

[松澤正二]

歴史

イギリスで1911年に初めて実用化され、アメリカで近代化された。日本で初めて本格的に走ったのは、1932年(昭和7)京都市の四条大宮と四条西大路間の1.6キロメートルである。その後1943年に名古屋市で運転されたが、これは路面交通の近代化からではなく、第二次世界大戦中のレールの不足から採用されたものである。

 戦後は石油資源の乏しい日本の国情にふさわしい道路交通機関として運輸省(現国土交通省)が発展と助成に努めた結果、1951年(昭和26)に川崎市、翌年には東京都、続いて大阪市で運転が開始された。しかし、65年ごろから急速に発展普及した自動車交通の路面の占有と、とくにバス路線網の充実のため、路面電車とともに次々と廃止され、2001年(平成13)現在、日本では立山黒部アルペンルートの扇沢―黒部ダム間と大観峰(だいかんぽう)―室堂(むろどう)間に運行されているのみである。しかし、トロリーバスは環境に配慮した21世紀の新交通システムの一つとして、世界各地で注目されている。

[松澤正二]

特徴

トロリーバスは路面電車に比べて、(1)レールを敷設しないので建設費が約2分の1と安い、(2)道路整備状態にもよるが乗り心地がよい、(3)騒音が少ない、(4)レールに拘束されないので事故による停滞がない、(5)利用者は直接歩道から自由に乗降できるので、道路に設ける乗降設備が不要である、(6)保守費が比較的安い、などの利点が多いが、反面、(1)車両が路面電車より小さいので輸送単位が小さい、(2)運転室が片端なので、折り返し地点にループ状の特殊な架線設備が必要である、などの欠点もある。

 バスと比べると、(1)エンジンの騒音がない、(2)排気ガスの公害・環境問題がない、(3)動力源として石油を直接使用しないので資源の節約ができる、などの利点がある。反面、(1)架線に拘束されるので運転の自由が制限される、(2)変電所、架線が必要なので建設費が高くなる、などの欠点もある。

[松澤正二]

『森五宏著『トロリーバスが街を変える』(2001・リック)』『吉川文夫著『日本のトロリーバス』(1994・電気車研究会)』

[参照項目] | バス | 路面電車
トロリーバス
道路上の空間に張られた架線から集電し、走行する。アメリカ サンフランシスコ©Shogakukan">

トロリーバス


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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