A general term for a solid-state amplifying element that can extract an output power greater than the input power. The first was the point-contact transistor, invented in 1948 by three Americans, J. Bardeen, WH Brattain, and WB Shockley, and the most common is the pnp or npn junction transistor shown in the figure. The respective regions are called the emitter, base, and collector, and the emitter-base region is forward biased, while the base-collector region is reverse biased. Minority carriers are injected from the emitter into the base by a forward bias voltage signal. Most of the injected minority carriers reach the collector region due to the reverse bias voltage between the base and collector. Compared to the input resistance between the emitter and base, the output resistance between the base and collector is 10 4 to 10 5 times greater, so the output power is amplified 10 4 to 10 5 times compared to the input power. In the figure, the base side is at a common potential, and is called a common-base configuration, but emitter-common and collector-common methods can also be used depending on the circuit design. Junction transistors are caused by the action of minority carriers injected into the base, and their frequency characteristics are determined by the time it takes for the minority carriers to pass through the base. Various techniques have been used to improve frequency characteristics, such as making the base layer as thin as possible (less than about 1 μm) or controlling the impurity concentration distribution in the base region to form a space charge electric field and accelerate the minority carriers (drift transistors), and some can be used up to about 1 GHz. Meanwhile, field effect transistors control majority carriers to perform transistor action. And phototransistors use the photovoltaic effect of the pn junction to transmit the input signal using light. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
入力電力よりも大きな出力電力を取り出すことのできる個体増幅素子の総称.1948年,アメリカのJ. Bardeen,W.H. Brattain,W.B. Shockleyの3人によって発明された点接触型トランジスターが最初のもので,もっとも一般的なものは,図示のp-n-pまたはn-p-n接合型トランジスターである.それぞれの領域を,エミッター,ベース,コレクターとよび,エミッター-ベース間は順方向,ベース-コレクター間は逆方向にバイアスされる.順方向バイアス電圧信号によってエミッター部からベース中に少数キャリヤーが注入される.注入された少数キャリヤーの大部分は,ベース-コレクター間の逆バイアス電圧によってコレクター領域に達する.エミッター-ベース間の入力抵抗に比べて,ベース-コレクター間の出力抵抗は 104~105 倍大きいために,入力電力に対して出力電力は 104~105 倍に増幅される.図はベース側を共通電位にしたもので,ベース接地とよばれるが,回路設計上からエミッター接地,コレクター接地方式も用いられる.接合型トランジスターはベース中に注入された少数キャリヤーの動作によって引き起こされるもので,周波数特性は,ベース中を少数キャリヤーの通過する時間で決められる.周波数特性をよくするには,ベース層の幅をできるだけ薄くしたり(1 μm 程度以下),ベース領域中の不純物濃度分布を制御して空間電荷電界を形成して,少数キャリヤーを加速させたり(ドリフトトランジスター),いろいろ工夫されていて,1 GHz 程度まで使用できるものもある.一方,多数キャリヤーを制御してトランジスター作用を行わせるものに,電界効果トランジスターがある.また,p-n接合の光起電力効果を利用して,入力信号を光で行わせるものがフォトトランジスターである. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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