Principality of Tver

Japanese: トベーリ公国 - トベーリこうこく（英語表記）Tverskoe knyazhestvo

A powerful principality in northeastern Russia from the 13th to 15th centuries that rivaled the Principality of Moscow. Its capital, Tver' (known as Kalinin during the Soviet era), was a strategic coastal location on the Volga River that ran from the Baltic Sea coast through Novgorod and was one of the stops on the so-called Varangian road from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Like the Principality of Moscow, Tver' was located in fertile central Russia, safe from external enemies, and developed rapidly under the rule of the Golden Horde as an ideal location for commerce, industry, and agriculture. The northern principality of Novgorod adopted a city-republic system, and principalities such as the Principality of Galich-Volyn'i in southwestern Russia were also unable to recover from the weakening of their public power.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

13～15世紀の北東ロシアで，モスクワ公国に対抗した有力公国。都のトベーリTver’(ソ連時代はカリーニン)は，バルト海沿岸地域からノブゴロドを経てボルガ川に出る沿岸の要地で，バルト海から黒海へのいわゆる〈ワリャーギの道〉の経過点の一つであった。モスクワ公国と同様，ロシア中央部の肥沃地に位置し，外敵からも安全で，商工業，農業の適地としてキプチャク･ハーン国の支配下で急速に発展した。　北のノブゴロド国は都市共和制を採用しており，南西ロシアのガーリチ･ボルイニ公国などの諸公国も公権力の弱体化を盛り返せずにいた。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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