Dohobu - Togofu

A border governing body established during the Tang Dynasty in China. Its origins date back to the Western Han Dynasty, when Emperor Xuan established the Western Regions Protectorate as an additional post to the Cavalry Commander in 60 BC, and had him govern the so-called 36 states of the Western Regions. In the Later Han Dynasty, Ban Chao and others were appointed as the Western Regions Protectorate. It is said that the position of Protectorate was established in the border areas after the Jin and Song Dynasties, but the details are unknown. During the Tang Dynasty, Protectorates were established on the four border areas as the main officials, governing the commanderies and prefectures in the lands of the surrounding ethnic groups that had submitted to the Tang Dynasty, and monitoring the movements of the ethnic groups. The main Protectorates were Andong, Anxi, Annan, Anbei, Chanyu, and Beiting, and are collectively known as the Six Protectorates. The Tongdian Book states that these were established after the Yonghui period of Emperor Gaozong (650-655), but this is inaccurate; Anxi Protectorate was established as early as 640, and Yanran Protectorate, the predecessor of Anbei Protectorate, was established in 647. There were also other Protectorates in Mongchi, Kunling, and Baoryeong, but they all appointed local chiefs as their chief Protectorates, and were more similar in character to Jixizhou. The Protectorates were also ranked, with Anxi, Anbei, Chanyu, and Beiting being the Grand Protectorate, Andong being the Upper Protectorate, and Annan being the Middle Protectorate. With the appearance of the Jiedushi, the Doprotectors gradually came under their jurisdiction and their role became lighter, but the rise and fall of each Doprotectorate was complex, responding to the trends of the various ethnic groups in each region.

[Shuichi Kaneko]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、唐代に置かれた辺境統治機関。その起源は前漢にあり、宣帝は紀元前60年、天山南路・北路が漢の支配下に入ったとき、騎都尉(きとし)の加官として西域(せいいき)都護を置き、いわゆる西域三十六国を統轄させた。後漢(ごかん)では班超らが西域都護に任ぜられた。晋(しん)・宋(そう)以後も辺境に都護の官が置かれたというが、詳細は不明である。唐代では四方の辺境に本官として都護府が設置され、唐に帰服した周辺諸民族の故地に置かれた都督府と州県とを統轄し、また諸民族の動向の監視にあたった。おもな都護府には安東、安西、安南、安北、単于(ぜんう)、北庭の各都護府があり、これらを六都護府と総称する。『通典(つてん)』に、これらが高宗の永徽(えいき)年間（650～655）以降に設置されたと記されているのは不正確で、安西都護府はもっとも早く640年に設置され、安北都護府の前身の燕然(えんぜん)都護府も647年に置かれた。ほかに濛池(もうち)、崑陵(こんりょう)、保寧(ほねい)などの都護府があったが、いずれも土着の部酋(ぶしゅう)を長官の都護に任じ、その性格はむしろ羈縻(きび)州に近い。また都護府にはランクがあり、安西、安北、単于、北庭は大都護府、安東は上都護府、安南は中都護府であった。節度使が登場すると都護府はしだいにその所管に入り、役割も軽くなったが、各都護府の消長は、各方面の諸民族の動向に対応して複雑であった。

［金子修一］

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