Vomiting refers to the expulsion of blood that has hemorrhaged from the esophagus, stomach, or upper part of the duodenum. Usually, this blood is dark brown in color, and the vomit resembles coffee grounds. Hematemesis is most commonly caused by bleeding from a peptic ulcer (gastric or duodenal ulcer), followed by bleeding from erosions or gastritis. Bleeding from esophageal varices, which develop in the final stages of liver cirrhosis, is often heavy and has a poor prognosis. Bleeding from stomach cancer is also not uncommon. When someone vomits blood, it is important to confirm the bleeding site and estimate the amount of blood lost. If the amount of blood is large, a blood transfusion is necessary. An endoscopic examination is performed to confirm the bleeding site, which is called emergency endoscopy. The first step is to keep the patient at rest. Generally, bleeding will stop naturally, so it is important to calm down and then consult a doctor. If the amount of bleeding is large and cannot be stopped, emergency treatment will be required, but it is important to minimize anxiety for the patient who vomited blood. [Jun Takahashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
食道、胃、十二指腸の上部から出血した血液を嘔吐(おうと)によって吐き出すことをいう。普通、この血液は黒褐色で、吐物はコーヒー残渣(ざんさ)様になっている。吐血は消化性潰瘍(かいよう)(胃・十二指腸潰瘍)からの出血がもっとも多く、びらんまたは胃炎からの出血がこれに次ぐ。肝硬変の末期に発生する食道静脈瘤(りゅう)からの出血は大量のことが多く、予後は悪い。胃癌(がん)からの出血も少なくない。 吐血の対応としては、出血部位の確認と出血量を推測することである。出血量が多いと輸血が必要である。出血部位の確認には内視鏡検査が行われるが、これを緊急内視鏡という。最初の処置としては、患者を安静にさせておくことである。一般に出血は自然に止血するものであるから、落ち着いてから医師に相談することがたいせつである。また、出血量が多く止血されない場合は、救急的処置が必要となるが、たいせつなことは、吐血した患者にできるだけ不安を与えないことである。 [高橋 淳] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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