Bahr, Egon Karl-Heinz

Japanese: バール（英語表記）Bahr, Egon Karl-Heinz
Bahr, Egon Karl-Heinz
Born: March 18, 1922, Treffult
[Died] August 20, 2015. German bureaucrat and politician. In 1942, he joined the air force, but was forced to leave the army because his maternal grandmother was Jewish, and sent to an arms factory. After World War II, he worked as a journalist in West Berlin and the capital Bonn of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). From 1945 to 1949, he was a reporter for the Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper and other publications. From 1953 to 1954, he also served as director of the Berlin-Rias radio station. From 1960 to 1966, he served as the head of the press office of the city of West Berlin, and won the trust of the mayor, Willy Brandt, as the city's spokesman. When Brandt became foreign minister in 1966, he was appointed ambassador-at-large and head of the planning department at the foreign ministry. When Brandt became chancellor in 1969, he assisted the chancellor as vice chancellor or cabinet-level advisor, improving relations with the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and the Soviet Union, and ultimately working toward the reunification of East and West Germany. He was an indispensable figure in the development of Brandt's Ostpolitik (→ German unification issue). From 1974 to 1976, he served as Minister of Economic Cooperation under Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, and retired from the Bundestag (lower house of parliament) in 1990, when East and West Germany were unified. From 1984 to 1994, he served as director of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies at the University of Hamburg.

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Barre, Raymond

Born: April 12, 1924, Saint-Denis, Reunion, France
[Died] August 25, 2007. Paris. French politician and economist. Graduated from the University of Paris and the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. Later became a professor at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. In 1959, he was an advisor to the Charles de Gaulle administration. From 1967 to 1972, he served as vice-president of the European Community Commission, where he published the Bar Plan, a plan for a single EC currency, and contributed to the launch of the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979 (→European Monetary Union). He then served as a director of the Bank of France. In January 1976, he was appointed Minister of Trade, and in August, President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing appointed him Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Finance, succeeding Prime Minister Jacques Chirac. In 1978, he became a member of the National Assembly, and served as Prime Minister until 1981. During his term, he worked on austerity measures and inflation control. He ran for president in 1988, but lost to François Mitterrand. Mayor of Lyon from 1995 to 2001. He is the author of many books, including "Political Economy" (1956). He was awarded the Legion of Honor.

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Wahl, Jean

Born: May 25, 1888 in Paris
[Died] June 18, 1974. French philosopher from Marseille. Studied at the École Normale Supérieure (Higher Normal School) and the University of Paris, and became a professor at the university in 1937. Imprisoned by the Nazi occupying forces in 1941, he escaped at the end of the same year and travelled to the US in 1942, lecturing at the University of Chicago and other institutions. Returned to the University of Paris in 1945. After returning to Japan, he founded the Collège Philosophique in Paris. He recognised the dialectical movement in the human spirit triggered by negativity, and argued for metaphysical experiences that transcend into reality. His main works are Etudes kierkegaardiennes (1938), Traité de métaphysique (53), and Les philosophies de l'existence (54).

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Bahr, Hermann

Born: July 19, 1863, Linz
[Died] January 15, 1934. Munich. Austrian critic and playwright. He was one of the earliest to absorb the literary trends of the early 20th century, which were rapidly changing from Naturalism, Impressionism, Neo-Romanticism, and Expressionism, and he was always a theoretical leader, greatly influencing writers of his time. During the Naturalism period, he collaborated with A. Holz and others to publish the magazine Die Freie Bühne (The Free Stage), and later published Die Überwindung des Naturalismus (1891), which led the "Young Vienna" school including Hofmannsthal, and subsequently wrote Expressionismus (1916). His works include the comedy Das Konzert (09).

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Baal

A male Semitic god. In Semitic, it means "Lord" or "Owner." In Phoenician mythology, he first appeared when the Phoenicians migrated from the Negev in southern Palestine to the Mediterranean coast. In the Phoenician Ras Shamra texts, he is depicted as Hadad, the god of air, clouds, and storms. He is the second greatest god after El, the chief sun god, and is newer than El. He is depicted as wearing armor, riding a cow and sticking a spear representing lightning into the ground. He was also worshiped as a foreign god in the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and in the Old Testament, the name Baal is used as a general term for gods considered to be landowners. There, he was worshiped as a fertility god, but the worship of Baal gradually came to disrupt the worship of Yahweh, and was rejected by the prophets in the 8th century BC as idolatry.

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bar

A unit of pressure. The symbol is bar. 1 bar is 10 5 N per 1 m 2 , approximately equal to 1 atmosphere. 1 bar = 10 5 N/m 2 = 10 5 Pa = 0.986923 atmospheres. In meteorology, the millibar was often used as a unit of pressure. Today, the hectopascal (hPa) is used. The name of the unit comes from the Greek word baros (weight).

bar
var

MKSA unit of reactive power. The symbol is var. 1var is the reactive power when a sinusoidal voltage with an effective value of 1V is applied to an electric circuit and a sinusoidal current with an effective value of 1A flows, which is 90 degrees out of phase with this.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1922.3.18. トレフフルト
[没]2015.8.20. ベルリン
ドイツの官僚，政治家。1942年空軍に入隊したが，母方の祖母がユダヤ人だったため強制除隊となり，兵器工場に送られた。第2次世界大戦後，ドイツ連邦共和国（西ドイツ）の西ベルリンや首都ボンでジャーナリストとして働いた。1945～49年『アルゲマイネ・ツァイトゥンク』紙などの記者。1953～54年ベルリン・リアス放送局のディレクターも務めた。1960～66年西ベルリン市広報局長を務め，市の報道官として市長のウィリー・ブラントの信任を得た。1966年にブラントが外務大臣に就任すると外務省特命大使，企画局局長に就任。1969年にブラントが首相に就任すると，副首相ないし閣僚級のアドバイザーの立場で首相を補佐，ドイツ民主共和国（東ドイツ）やソビエト連邦との関係を改善し，最終的に東西ドイツの再統一を目指して尽力した。ブラントの東方政策の進展に不可欠の人物だった（→ドイツ統一問題）。1974～76年ヘルムート・シュミット首相のもとで経済協力大臣を務め，東西ドイツが統一された 1990年に連邦議会（下院）議員を退いた。1984～94年ハンブルク大学の平和・安全保障研究所の所長を務めた。

バール
Barre， Raymond

[生]1924.4.12. フランス領レユニオン，サンドニ
[没]2007.8.25. パリ
フランスの政治家，経済学者。パリ大学，パリ政治学院を卒業。のちにパリ政治学院教授。 1959年ドゴール政権の顧問。 1967～72年ヨーロッパ共同体 EC委員会副委員長として EC単一通貨計画のバール・プランを発表，1979年のヨーロッパ通貨制度 EMS発足に貢献した (→ヨーロッパ通貨統合 ) 。その後フランス銀行理事。 1976年1月貿易大臣，8月バレリー・ジスカールデスタン大統領にジャック・シラク首相の後任として首相兼経済・財政大臣に任命された。 1978年下院議員となり，1981年まで首相を務めた。在任中は，緊縮財政やインフレ抑制に取り組んだ。 1988年の大統領選挙に出馬したが，フランソア・ミッテランに敗れた。 1995～2001年リヨン市長。著書に『政治経済学』 Économie politique (1956) など多数。レジオン・ドヌール勲章受章。

バール
Wahl， Jean

[生]1888.5.25. パリ
[没]1974.6.18. マルセイユ
フランスの哲学者。エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール (高等師範学校) ，パリ大学に学び，1937年以後パリ大学教授。 41年ナチス占領軍に投獄されたが，同年末に脱出し，42年渡米，シカゴ大学などで講義。 45年パリ大学に復帰。帰国後パリにコレージュ・フィロゾフィクを創立。人間精神に否定性を契機とする弁証法的運動を認め，実在へと超越する形而上学的体験を論じた。主著『キルケゴール研究』 Etudes kierkegaardiennes (1938) ，『形而上学概論』 Traité de métaphysique (53) ，『実存主義入門』 Les philosophies de l'existence (54) 。

バール
Bahr， Hermann

[生]1863.7.19. リンツ
[没]1934.1.15. ミュンヘン
オーストリアの批評家，劇作家。自然主義，印象主義，新ロマン主義，表現主義とめまぐるしく変転する 20世紀初頭の文芸思潮をいちはやく吸収し，常に理論的指導者として，同時代の作家に大きな影響を及ぼした。自然主義時代には A.ホルツらと協力して雑誌『自由舞台』 Die Freie Bühneを刊行，やがて『自然主義の克服』 Die Überwindung des Naturalismus (1891) を発表して，ホーフマンスタールらの「若きウィーン」派を指導し，続いて『表現主義』 Expressionismus (1916) を著わした。喜劇『演奏会』 Das Konzert (09) などがある。

バール
Baal

セム民族の男神。セム語で「主」とか「所有者」を意味する。フェニキア神話では，パレスチナ南部のネゲブの地から地中海沿岸にフェニキア人が移住したときに初めて現れる。フェニキアのラス・シャムラ文書では，大気と雲と嵐の神であるハダドとして描かれている。太陽の主神エルに次ぐ偉大な神で，エルよりも新しい。甲冑に身を固め，稲妻を表わす槍を地に突立てて雌牛に乗る姿で表現される。古王国エジプトでも外来の神として崇拝され，旧約聖書では土地所有者とみなされる神々の総称としてバールの名が用いられている。そこでは豊穣神として崇拝されたが，バール信仰は次第にヤハウェ信仰を乱すにいたったため，前8世紀の預信者らにより偶像崇拝であるとして排撃された。

バール
bar

圧力の単位。記号は bar。1barは 1m2につき 105Nの圧力で，ほぼ 1気圧に等しい。1bar＝105N/m2＝105Pa＝0.986923気圧。気象学では気圧の単位としてミリバールがよく使われていた。今日ではヘクトパスカル hPaが使われている。単位名はギリシア語のバロス (重さ) に由来する。

バール
var

無効電力の MKSA単位。記号は var。 1varは電気回路に実効値 1Vの正弦波電圧を加え，これと位相が 90度ずれ，実効値が 1Aの正弦波電流が流れるときの無効電力である。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について　情報

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