Waveguide - Waveguide

Japanese: 導波管 - どうはかん(英語表記)waveguide
Waveguide - Waveguide

A metal pipe used to transmit radio waves. It is used to guide radio waves sent from a radio transmitter to an antenna, and to form radio wave circuits inside transmitting and receiving devices. Coaxial cables are mainly used for radio frequencies below about 3 GHz, but in the microwave range, where frequencies are higher than that, coaxial cables cause significant attenuation. On the other hand, depending on the method of radio wave propagation, attenuation can be made very small by appropriately selecting the shape of the metal pipe. This is called a waveguide, and the pipe is generally made of copper, with a cross-sectional shape of either a rectangle or a circle.

Radio waves propagate through the space limited by the walls of the waveguide, and while current flows on the extremely thin inner surface of the waveguide, no current flows on the outer surface of the waveguide at all, so the radio wave energy does not escape to the outside.

The cross-sectional shape of a waveguide is basically square or circular, but there are also modifications such as ellipse and cocoon shapes, and the cross-sectional dimensions are determined by the lowest frequency that can be transmitted (cutoff frequency).

[Ryo Tsuboi and Tetsuya Miki]

Rectangular Waveguide

This is the most basic type of waveguide, and is widely used due to its easy shape to process. In early microwave systems, rectangular waveguides were used to connect the transmitting and receiving devices to the antennas. Circular waveguides are suitable for reducing transmission loss, but because circular waveguides are difficult to machine, such as by bending them, rectangular waveguides are generally used for the introduction section from the tower to the building and for indoor piping. The cutoff wavelength λ (lambda) of a rectangular waveguide is given by λ = 2a , where a and b are the lengths of the sides in the cross section ( a > b ).

[Ryo Tsuboi and Tetsuya Miki]

Circular Waveguide

Since the loss of a rectangular waveguide increases as the frequency increases, circular waveguides are often used at high frequencies. The cutoff wavelength of a circular waveguide is determined by the radius r of the tube, given by λ = 3.42 r . When piping a long waveguide, a flexible waveguide is required to absorb the expansion and contraction of the waveguide due to temperature changes and vibrations caused by wind. Flexibility can be achieved by adding wavy pleats along the length to make it easier to bend, and circular waveguides are used because a circular cross section is easier to process than a square cross section. Variations of the circular waveguide include the elliptical waveguide and the cocoon-shaped waveguide.

[Tetsuya Miki]

"Microwave Communications" by Moriji Kuwahara (1981, Telecommunications Association)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電波の伝送に用いる金属パイプ。無線送信機から送り出す電波をアンテナに導いたり送信装置や受信装置の内部で電波の回路を形成したりするのに用いる。無線周波数が約3ギガヘルツ以下では、おもに同軸ケーブルが用いられるが、それより周波数が高いマイクロ波の領域では、同軸ケーブルでは、大きな減衰が生じるようになる。他方、電波を伝搬させる方法によると、金属パイプの形状を適切に選ぶと減衰を非常に小さくすることができる。それが導波管であって、パイプの材質は銅が一般的であり、パイプの断面形状は長方形または円形である。

 電波は導波管の壁で限られた空間を伝搬し、導波管の内面のごく薄い表面には電流が流れるが、導波管の外面にはまったく電流が流れないので、電波のエネルギーが外部に逃げ出すことがない。

 導波管の断面形状は、方形または円形が基本となっているが、それらを変形した楕円(だえん)形や繭(まゆ)形もあり、その断面寸法は伝送可能な最低周波数(遮断周波数)により決定される。

[坪井 了・三木哲也]

方形導波管

導波管のもっとも基本的なタイプであり、加工もしやすい形状であることから多用されている。初期のマイクロ波方式においては、送受信装置とアンテナの接続にはすべて方形導波管が使用されていた。伝送損失を軽減するには円形導波管が適していたが、円形導波管は曲りなどの工作が困難なこともあって、鉄塔から屋内までの導入部ならびに屋内配管には方形導波管が一般に用いられている。方形導波管の遮断波長λ(ラムダ)は、断面における辺の長さをabab)とすると、λ=2aで与えられる。

[坪井 了・三木哲也]

円形導波管

方形導波管は周波数が高くなるにしたがって損失が大きくなることから、高い周波数では円形導波管が使われることが多い。円形導波管の遮断波長は、管の半径rで決まり、λ=3.42rで与えられる。長尺の導波管の配管を行う場合、温度変化による導波管の伸縮あるいは風による振動等を吸収するため、可撓性(かとうせい)のある導波管が必要となる。可撓性をもたせるには長手方向に波状のひだをつけることで曲げやすくするが、それには断面が方形よりも円形のほうが加工しやすいことから円形導波管が用いられる。円形の変形として楕円導波管および繭形導波管がある。

[三木哲也]

『桑原守二著『マイクロ波通信』(1981・電気通信協会)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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