Cephalopods - Tousokurui

Japanese: 頭足類 - とうそくるい
Cephalopods - Tousokurui

A class belonging to the phylum Mollusca, including squids and octopuses. Cephalopoda members have a bilaterally symmetrical body, divided into three parts: head, torso, and legs. The head has a pair of simple eyes, the most developed of any invertebrate, and a sharp, beak-like jaw plate and oral bulb with radula facing forward. The legs are arranged in a ring around the mouth, divided into four or more pairs, have suckers, and are flexible. The torso is a muscular bag-like structure located behind the head, and some have fleshy fins. Only nautiluses have a spiral-shaped shell, but the shells of the others are buried in the muscles of the mantle or have degenerated. The internal organs are enclosed in a bag-like mantle, the digestive tract is U-shaped, and the anus opens forward. Some have an ink sac near the rectum. They have two to four pairs of gills, with a gill heart at the base of the gills, and in dibranchs they have three hearts in addition to the normal heart. The gonads are located at the rear of the body and are dioecious, with sperm packed into spermatophores that are passed to the female during mating. The special arms that perform this function are called hectocoel (or stylocoel), and have a fixed form depending on the species. All cephalopods are marine, found from the coast to the deep sea, and live a creeping, swimming, or planktonic life. All are carnivorous and rank high in the marine food chain. The largest squid has a body length of over six meters, making it the largest of any invertebrate.

Fossil ammonites appeared in the late Devonian period of the Paleozoic era, and evolved into a wide variety of species, but became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era. There are approximately 650 extant species of cephalopods, and the class Cephalopoda is made up of three subclasses: (1) Ammonoidea All cephalopods have large spiral or right cone-shaped shells, and are fossil species. (2) Nautilus (Tetrabranchia) All but four extant species are fossil species. Their shells are spiral, flat, and multi-chambered. Their bodies have a primitive structure, with arms divided into dozens of tentacles and no suckers. Extant species have two pairs of gills. (3) Dibranchia (Coleomorpha) Most extant squids (also called decapoda because they have five pairs of arms) and octopuses (also called octobranchia because they have four pairs of arms). The shell is degenerate, the arms have four or five pairs of suckers or hooks, and one pair of gills.

[Takashi Okutani]

[Reference] | Molluscs
Schematic diagram of the cephalopod body structure
©Shogakukan ">

Schematic diagram of the cephalopod body structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

軟体動物門に属する1綱で、いわゆるイカ・タコ類をさす。頭足綱Cephalopodaの仲間の体は左右相称で、頭・胴・足の3部に分かれている。頭部には無脊椎(むせきつい)動物でもっとも発達した1対の単眼があり、前方に向かって鋭いくちばし様の顎板(がくばん)および歯舌のある口球がある。足部は口を囲んで環状に配置し、4対以上に分かれていて、吸盤があり、伸縮自在である。胴部は筋肉質の袋状で頭部の後ろにあり、肉質のひれをもつものがある。貝殻はオウムガイ類のみが螺旋(らせん)形の外殻をもつが、他は外套(がいとう)膜の筋肉中に埋もれているか、退化している。内臓は袋状の外套膜に包まれ、消化管はU字形で、肛門(こうもん)は前向きに開く。直腸付近に墨汁嚢(のう)があるものがある。えらは2~4対で、えらの基部にはえら心臓があり、二鰓類(にさいるい)では本来の心臓とともに三つの心臓をもつことになる。生殖巣は体後部にあり雌雄異体、精子は精莢(せいきょう)に充填(じゅうてん)されて、交接時に雌に渡される。この機能を果たす特別な腕を交接腕(または化茎腕)といい、種によって一定の形式をもつ。頭足類はすべて海産で、沿岸から深海までに分布し、匍匐(ほふく)あるいは遊泳・浮遊生活をしている。すべて肉食で、海洋の食物連鎖中では高次に位置する。最大のイカは胴長6メートル余となり、無脊椎動物では最大となる。

 化石アンモナイト(菊石(きくいし))は古生代デボン紀後期に現れ、非常に多種に分化したが、中生代白亜紀の終わりに絶滅した。現生する頭足類はおよそ650種で、頭足綱は次の3亜綱からなる。(1)アンモナイト亜綱 大形の螺旋形ないし直円錐(えんすい)形の殻をもち、すべて化石種である。(2)オウムガイ亜綱(四鰓亜綱) 4種の現生種以外は化石種。殻は螺旋形の平巻きで、多室に分かれている。体は原始的構造をもち、腕は数十本の触手に分かれ吸盤はない。現生種のえらは2対である。(3)二鰓亜綱(鞘形亜綱(しょうけいあこう)) 現生するイカ類(5対の腕をもつので十腕形類ともいう)、タコ類(4対の腕をもつので八腕形類ともいう)の大部分をいう。殻は退化的、腕には吸盤または鉤(かぎ)があって4または5対、えらは1対である。

[奥谷喬司]

[参照項目] | 軟体動物
頭足綱の体制模式図
©Shogakukan">

頭足綱の体制模式図


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