Concave lattice - Concave lattice

Japanese: 凹面格子 - おうめんごうし
Concave lattice - Concave lattice

The correct name is concave diffraction grating. It is a type of diffraction grating in which the grating is made on a concave reflecting mirror. However, the spacing of the ruling lines is equal when projected onto the chord plane, not on the concave surface. It is used instead of a prism as a light dispersion element in a spectroscope, but has the characteristic that it can form an image of the entrance slit (gap) by itself without using a lens or an auxiliary concave mirror. A circle perpendicular to the ruling lines and with a diameter equal to the radius of curvature of the sphere is called a Rowland circle. As shown in the figure , when the entrance slit is placed on this circle, all the spectral lines are imaged on the Rowland circle. Therefore, when obtaining a spectrum, the detector is placed on this circle. When the angle of incidence is large, the image is elongated vertically due to astigmatism (an aberration in which the focal point is different vertically and horizontally. It appears when light is incident on a lens or mirror at an angle), which generally reduces the brightness of the image. However, in the long-wavelength soft X-ray region, the normal reflectance of the mirror surface is extremely low, and instead the refractive index is less than 1, so in some cases the angle of incidence is set large and the light is made to enter at a grazing angle to utilize total reflection on the mirror surface. This type of spectrometer is called a grazing incidence spectrometer.

A device that extracts monochromatic light of a desired wavelength is called a monochromator, and concave gratings play an important role in this as well. An exit slit is placed on the Rowland circle, separate from the entrance slit, and detection is performed by extracting only the light of a single wavelength that is imaged on the exit slit. There are several types of concave grating monochromators: (1) one in which the exit slit moves on the Rowland circle, (2) one in which the positions of both slits are fixed, but the concave grating moves along the Rowland circle, (3) one in which the concave grating rotates and translates simultaneously to maintain a good image on the exit slit, and (4) one in which the concave grating rotates around its center, but the angle between the two slits at the grating position is kept at about 70 degrees to maintain good imaging.

[Tatsutake Onaka and Masahide Ito]

[Reference] | Diffraction grating | Spectrum | Prism
Principle of concave grating (concave diffraction grating) (Diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Principle of concave grating (concave diffraction grating) (Diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

正しくは凹面回折格子という。回折格子の一種で、格子が凹面反射鏡の上につくられているもの。ただし、刻線の間隔は、凹面上ではなく弦平面に投影したときに等間隔になっている。分光器の光の分散素子としてプリズムのかわりに用いられるが、レンズや補助の凹面鏡を用いなくても、入射スリット(すきま)の像を自ら結像することができる特徴がある。刻線に垂直で、球面の曲率半径を直径とする円をローランド円という。のように、入射スリットがこの円上に置かれているときは、スペクトル線はすべてローランド円上に結像する。したがって、スペクトルを得るときは、検出器はこの円上に置かれる。入射角が大きいときは、非点収差(焦点を結ぶ位置が縦と横で異なっている収差。レンズや鏡に斜めに光が入射するときに現れる)によって像が縦方向に長く伸び、そのために像の明るさが一般に低下する。しかし、波長の長い軟X線領域では、鏡面の垂直反射率はきわめて低く、そのかわり屈折率が1より小さいので、入射角を大きくとり、すれすれに入射させて鏡面での全反射を利用する場合もある。このような分光器は斜入射型分光器とよばれる。

 目的の波長の単色光を取り出す装置を単色装置(モノクロメーター)といい、これにも凹面格子が大きな役割を果たしている。ローランド円の上に入射スリットとは別に出口スリットを置き、出口スリット上に結像した単一波長の光のみを取り出すことにより、検出する方法が用いられる。凹面格子モノクロメーターには、(1)出口スリットをローランド円上で動かすもの、(2)両スリットの位置は固定されているが、ローランド円に沿って凹面格子を動かすもの、(3)出口スリット上の結像が良好に保たれるように凹面格子に回転と並進運動を同時に行わせるようにくふうしたもの、(4)凹面格子はその中心で回転させるが、両スリットが格子の位置でつくる角を約70度に保つことによって結像性を良好に保つようにくふうしたものなどがある。

[尾中龍猛・伊藤雅英]

[参照項目] | 回折格子 | スペクトル | プリズム
凹面格子(凹面回折格子)の原理〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

凹面格子(凹面回折格子)の原理〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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