A group of organic compounds that have the same skeleton and functional groups, but whose side chains differ by CH2 units. For example, in the series of alkanes (methane-based hydrocarbons), the carbon chains are successively longer by CH2 units, such as methane CH4 , ethane C2H6 , propane C3H8 , butane C4H10 , pentane C5H12 , etc. A group of compounds whose carbon chains are extended by CH2 units , as in this example, is said to be in a homologous series. Compounds that belong to the same homologous series are called homologs. Homologs have similar chemical properties and react with common functional groups. Physical properties such as melting and boiling points change regularly as the number of carbon atoms increases. Organic compounds are classified into many homologous series based on the type and number of their functional groups. [Masahiro Hirota] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
有機化合物で、骨格の構造やもっている官能基は同じであるが、その側鎖部分の組成が互いにCH2ずつ違っている一群の化合物をいう。たとえば、一連のアルカン(メタン系炭化水素)をみると、メタンCH4、エタンC2H6、プロパンC3H8、ブタンC4H10、ペンタンC5H12……のように、順次CH2単位で炭素鎖が長くなっている。この例のようにCH2単位で炭素鎖が伸長している一群の化合物を「同族列をなしている」という。そして、同じ同族列に属している化合物どうしを同族体homologという。同族体は互いに化学的性質がよく似ていて、共通の官能基による反応を示す。また、融点・沸点などの物理的性質は、炭素原子数が増すにしたがって規則的に変化する。有機化合物は、その官能基の種類と数とによって多くの同族列に分類されている。 [廣田 穰] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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