Dosen - Dosen

A monk from the Tang Dynasty in China. Founder of the Shibunritsu sect (Nanzan sect). His common surname was Qian. He was from Tantu (Zhejiang Province) and was called Nanzan Ritsushi. He became a monk at the age of 15, and in 615 (Daye 11) he received full precepts from Chishu of Daizenjoji Temple. He completed the system of Vinaya by composing the Shibunritsu Gyojisho in 630 (Jogan 4), the Shibunritsu Konma in 635, and the Shakumon Bomotsuke Ichogi in 637. In 645, he became the head scribe of translations and embellishments at Xuanzang's translation studio. In 662 (Ryūsaku 2), an imperial decree was issued to prohibit monks and Taoist priests from worshiping the monk, but Daoxuan petitioned the emperor and opposed the ban, arguing that monks had no reason to follow secular law, and the decree was eventually suspended. In 658 (Kenkei 3), when the Saimyō-ji Temple was founded in Chang'an, he was given the top seat and wrote the Shamon Shōfukugi (Instructions on the Wearing of the Shamon) (659) and Shamon Kikkeigi (Instructions on the Return of the Shamon) (660). In 664 (Rintoku 1), at the age of 69, he entered Jingoji Temple on Mount Shunan, where he composed works such as "Daitō Naitenroku", "Kōgūmyōshū", "Shujinshū Sanbō Kantōroku", "Shukokon Butsūronkō", and "Shakashifu". In 667 (Kenpō 2), he built a precept platform at Jingoji Temple and composed "Precept Platform Sutra" and "Gionji Sutra Sutra". This precept platform was used as a model for precept platforms in China and Japan in later generations.

Dosen was devoted to the Four Parts of Vinaya, and described Kekyo (teaching according to ability) and Seikyo (the study of precepts), but was not satisfied with the position of the Mahayana, which said that Vinaya, as a Hinayana, was partially connected to Mahayana, and instead considered it Mahayana itself, and based the doctrine of Vinaya on the doctrine of Yuishiki. He also classified the 250 precepts into four categories: precept law, precept body, precept action, and precept appearance, and established six methods for confessing and repenting for sins. He passed away on October 3, 2nd year of the Kenpo era. His writings were not limited to Vinaya studies, but covered a wide range of subjects including sutra records, historical biographies, and biographies of monks, and are considered valuable documents for the study of the history of Buddhism at that time.

[Tatsugen Sato March 21, 2017]

"Studies on the History of Buddhism in the Sui and Tang Dynasties" by Hiroshi Yamazaki (1967, Hozokan)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、唐代の僧。四分律宗(しぶんりつしゅう)（南山宗）の開祖。俗姓は銭氏。丹徒(たんと)（浙江(せっこう)省）の人。南山律師と称する。15歳で出家し、615年（大業11）、大禅定寺(だいぜんじょうじ)の智首(ちしゅ)より具足戒(ぐそくかい)を受けた。630年（貞観4）に『四分律行事鈔(ぎょうじしょう)』、635年に『四分律羯磨(こんま)』、637年に『釈門亡物軽重儀(しゃくもんぼうもつけいちょうぎ)』を撰述(せんじゅつ)し、律の体系を完成した。645年、玄奘(げんじょう)の訳場で翻訳を筆記したり訳文を潤色する役の代表となる。662年（龍朔2）、勅により沙門(しゃもん)、道士の君親礼拝(らいはい)が制せられたが、道宣は出家者が世俗法に従う理由なしとして上表し反対したため、ついにその勅は停止された。658年（顕慶3）長安に西明寺(さいみょうじ)が創建されるや、上座にあてられ、『釈門章服儀(しゃもんしょうふくぎ)』（659）、『釈門帰敬儀』（660）を撰述した。664年（麟徳1）、69歳で終南山浄業寺(しゅうなんざんじょうごうじ)に入り、『大唐内典録(だいとうないてんろく)』『広弘明集(こうぐみょうしゅう)』『集神州三宝感通録(しゅうじんしゅうさんぼうかんつうろく)』『集古今仏道論衡(しゅうここんぶつどうろんこう)』『釈迦氏譜(しゃかしふ)』などを撰述。また667年（乾封2）、浄業寺に戒壇を築き、『戒壇図経』『祇洹(ぎおん)寺図経』を撰述した。その戒壇は後世、中国や日本における戒壇の模範とされた。

　道宣はもっぱら四分律を奉じ、教判として化教(けきょう)（能力にしたがって説く教え）と制教(せいきょう)（戒律を説く戒学）を述べたが、小乗としての律宗も部分的には大乗に通ずるという分通大乗の立場に満足せず、大乗そのものとみて、律宗の教理を唯識(ゆいしき)の教理によって基礎づけた。また二百五十戒を、戒法、戒体、戒行、戒相の4科に分類して説き、犯した罪を発露懺悔(さんげ)する6種の方法をたてた。乾封(けんぽう)2年10月3日示寂。彼の著は律学のみでなく、経録、史伝、僧伝など多方面にわたり、当時の仏教史研究の貴重な文献として重視される。

［佐藤達玄　2017年3月21日］

『山崎宏著『隋唐仏教史の研究』（1967・法蔵館）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例