To verify a hypothesis about a population based on information obtained from a sample. Usually, this is simply called a test. In social surveys, whether sample surveys or complete surveys, data contains random errors, so in order to draw a conclusion, it is necessary to use statistical tests to test that the errors are not due to random factors. The outline of this procedure is as follows: (1) formulate a hypothesis (null hypothesis) that is the opposite of the proposition you want to prove about the population; (2) consider the sample distribution of a certain statistic if the hypothesis is true; (3) calculate the value of the statistic from the survey results; (4) use a table to determine the probability that such a value will appear randomly under the null hypothesis from the shape of the sample distribution; (5) if this probability value is smaller than a predetermined significance level (usually 5%), reject the original hypothesis; if it is larger, withhold judgment on the hypothesis. Tests are performed using this procedure, but there is also a simpler method called one-sided testing. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
母集団に関する仮説を標本から得た情報に基づいて検証すること。普通は単に検定と呼ばれている。社会調査においては標本調査と全数調査とを問わずデータには偶然的誤差が含まれているので,ある結論を下すためにはそれが偶然的要因によるものでないことを統計的検定によってテストしなければならない。この手続のあらすじは,(1) 母集団に関して証明したい命題とは逆の仮説 (帰無仮説) を立てる,(2) その仮説が正しいとしたときの,ある統計量の標本分布を考える,(3) 調査結果からその統計量の値を計算する,(4) そのような値が帰無仮説のもとに無作為に出現する確率を,標本分布の形から数表を使って割出す,(5) この確率の値があらかじめ定めておいた有意水準 (普通5%) より小さければ,もとの仮説を棄却し,大きければ仮説の判定を保留する。こうした手続により検定が行われるが,より簡単な方法としては片側検定というものもある。
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