Doan - Doan

A monk from the Eastern Jin Dynasty in China. Usually called Shaku Daoan. A representative scholar who established the foundations of early Chinese Buddhism before Kumarajiva. His secular surname was Wei. Born in Changshan Furyu (Hebei Province), he lost his parents at a young age and was raised by his stepbrother. He became a monk at the age of 12, and later became a disciple of the Western Regions monk Buttucheng, who greatly influenced him. In a time of turmoil in northern China, with the Five Barbarians vying for supremacy, Daoan continued to lecture while avoiding the chaos of war. He later reached Xiangyang (Hubei Province), where, upon hearing of Daoan's fame, Former Qin King Fu Jian attacked Xiangyang and took Daoan to Chang'an. During his time in Chang'an, Daoan lived a relatively calm life of study and teaching. Doan studied and commented on Mahayana and Hinayana sutras, but he devoted himself to the study of the Prajnaparamita Sutra in particular. He compiled the first list of sutras (the List of Comprehensive Sutras) and established standards for translation (the Five Losses and the Three Unchanging). However, he was not satisfied with mere academic understanding, and he continued to sincerely study the precepts and the behavior of monks. He had several hundred disciples, but Huiyuan (Lushan) was the most famous.

It is said that Kumarajiva, who came to Chang'an 16 years after Doan's death, had heard of Doan's fame in the West as a Bodhisattva of the East.

[Kazuo Okabe March 21, 2017]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、東晋(とうしん)代の僧。普通、釈(しゃく)道安という。鳩摩羅什(くまらじゅう)以前の初期中国仏教の基礎を確立した代表的学僧。俗姓は衛氏。常山扶柳(ふりゅう)（河北省）に生まれたが幼くして両親を失い、義兄に育てられた。12歳で出家し、のち西域(せいいき)の僧仏図澄(ぶっとちょう)の弟子となり、大いに感化された。華北は五胡(ごこ)が覇を争う乱世の時代で、道安は戦乱を避けながら講説を続けた。のち襄陽(じょうよう)（湖北省）に至ったが、前秦(ぜんしん)王の苻堅(ふけん)は道安の名声を聞いて、襄陽を攻め、道安を長安に連れていった。長安時代の道安は比較的落ち着いた研究教化の生活を送った。道安は大小乗の経典を研究・注解したが、とりわけ『般若経(はんにゃきょう)』の研究に心血を注いだ。初めて経典の目録（『綜理衆経目録(そうりしゅきょうもくろく)』）を編み、翻訳のあり方に基準（五失本(ごしっぽん)・三不易(さんふえき)）をたてた。しかし単なる学解に満足せず、戒律や出家者の行儀についても真摯(しんし)な探究をやめなかった。数百人の門弟がいたが、慧遠(えおん)（廬山(ろざん)）がもっとも有名。

　また道安の没後16年目に長安にきた鳩摩羅什は、かつて西方(さいほう)において、東方の菩薩(ぼさつ)として道安の名声を聞いていたという。

［岡部和雄　2017年3月21日］

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