It belongs to group 11 of the periodic table and is one of the copper group elements (also called monetary metal elements). It is also called a monetary metal along with silver and gold. In its pure form, it is a shiny red metal. historyCopper occurs naturally as a metal, and the smelting of the ore is relatively simple, so it has been used since ancient times. Ruins of Egypt, Babylonia, and Assyria dating back more than 6000 years have been excavated, marking the end of the Stone Age and the so-called Copper Age. Later, bronze, an alloy with tin, was created, marking an era in the development of human culture known as the Bronze Age. In the Middle Ages, it was used to make church bells and ornaments, and with the invention of gunpowder, it was also cast into cannons, and production volume seems to have increased considerably. During the Industrial Revolution, it came to be used in large quantities as a material for machinery, alongside iron. Furthermore, with the development of electricity use from the end of the 19th century, demand for it as an electrical material, such as electric wires, increased sharply. In the 20th century, the modernization of mining and smelting progressed, and processing technologies such as rolling mills and wire drawing machines also developed, establishing it as an important part of modern industry. In ancient China and Japan, copper was one of the three major products along with gold and silver, and was also one of the five colors of gold (gold (kogane) = gold, white gold (shirogane) = silver, red gold (akagane) = copper, black gold (kurogane) = iron, and blue gold (aogane) = lead). Many copper and bronze implements (bronze swords, bronze spears, bronze bells, etc.) have been discovered in ancient ruins in Japan, but there is no evidence that they were made from copper that was produced in Japan in ancient times. Most of them are made from copper that was imported from China, Korea, etc. Copper coins as currency had been imported from China for quite some time (copper coins were in circulation in China as early as the 4th century BC), and there is also record of a coin mint being established in 694, as well as record of copper being produced for the first time in the Chichibu region in 708, which led to the era name being changed to Wadou (Wado) (Shoku Nihongi). [Nakahara Katsunori] Origin of the nameSince copper was mined on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus in ancient times, the Romans called it aes Cyprium (metal of Cyprus), but later it came to be called cuprum in Latin. It is believed that many of the languages of Europe originated from this word. The Greek word kalkos, meaning copper, is said to come from Chalcis, the main city on the island of Euboea, where metallurgy was actively carried out since ancient times. The kanji character for copper is said to mean red gold. [Nakahara Katsunori] ExistenceIt occurs mainly as sulfides, oxides, or carbonates. Over 150 types of copper minerals are known, with the major ones being chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, cuprite, malachite, and azurite. In Japan, chalcopyrite is the main raw material. A large deposit has been discovered in northern Akita Prefecture, with an estimated reserve of 75 million tons. It is occasionally found as native copper. Native copper is mined in large quantities in Michigan, USA. In 2011, the world's copper ore production was about 16.24 million tons, with the major countries being Chile (about 32.4%), China (about 7.8%), Peru (about 7.6%) and the United States (about 7.0%). Electrolytic copper production was about 19.79 million tons, with Asia (about 45.8%, of which Japan accounts for 6.7%), North and South America (about 27.9%) and Europe (about 18.7%), and consumption was about 19.47 million tons, with Asia (about 63.1%, of which Japan accounts for 5.2%), Europe (about 20.8%) and North and South America (about 14.1%). [Nakahara Katsunori] Manufacturing methodThere are two methods of producing copper: one is to produce crude copper by dry smelting, and then to turn this into pure copper by electrolytic refining, and the other is to use hydrometallurgy. Currently, dry smelting is more commonly used. [Nakahara Katsunori] PyrometallurgyWhen sulfide ore, whose grade has been increased by flotation, is calcined and heated in a blast furnace, the silica sand turns into slag and floats to the top, while the copper melts and sinks as copper(I) sulfide. When this is poured into a converter and air is blown in from the bottom, the following changes occur, liberating the copper. 2Cu 2 S+3O 2 ―→2Cu 2 O+2SO 2 [Nakahara Katsunori] HydrometallurgyThis is a method to recover both copper and zinc from ore. The ore is roasted to produce copper and zinc sulfates, which are then leached with water and placed in an electrolytic cell. Copper is first electrolyzed to obtain copper, and then zinc is electrolyzed to obtain zinc. The wet method was originally a method for processing poor ores that were not profitable using the dry method, but in recent years it has also been used for copper and zinc ores of sufficiently high quality. However, it is not widely used. [Nakahara Katsunori] natureIt is malleable, ductile, and easy to work with, and is strong. Its thermal and electrical conductivity is second only to silver, at 93% and 98% of silver, respectively, making it the third highest of all metals. It is stable in dry air, but if left in moist air for a long time, it will produce basic copper carbonate and other basic salts, producing a green verdigris that covers the surface. When heated, it produces dark copper(II) oxide, and when heated to over 1000°C, it produces reddish-purple copper(II) oxide. It dissolves easily in nitric acid and hot concentrated sulfuric acid, and when dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid, it produces sulfur dioxide. It also dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. It forms a complex salt with ammonia water, and is easily soluble in organic acids such as acetic acid. [Nakahara Katsunori] ApplicationsCopper has a wide range of uses not only as a material itself, but also as an alloy, including brass, bronze, aluminum bronze, and beryllium copper, and is particularly used in electric wire and other drawn copper products. For electric wire, electrolytic copper is melted and cast into a square rod shape with both ends tapered, which is then used as a rough drawn wire and processed into various types of electric wire. For drawn copper products, electrolytic copper and other alloying metals, copper scrap, and copper alloys are mixed and melted, adjusted to the desired composition, and cast into copper ingots, which are then processed into plates, bars, tubes, wires, and other products. Copper plates are commonly called "aka" or "akagane," and are used for pots and other general utensils, taking advantage of their thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance. Copper coins are made of bronze with 2-10% tin. In addition, various types of alloys with gold, silver, and other materials are known. [Nakahara Katsunori] Copper in the human bodyThe human body contains about 80 milligrams of copper. It is found mainly in muscles, bones, other tissues, and in the blood. Copper's role in the human body is closely related to iron. Hemoglobin, the pigment in blood, is synthesized by combining with iron. Copper is necessary for the absorption of iron at this stage. It also helps with the absorption of iron from the intestinal tract. Additionally, copper is involved in infant growth, blood clotting, and the metabolism of sugar and cholesterol as a component of enzymes. A food that is relatively rich in copper is liver, with cocoa and chocolate also containing significant amounts. It is also present as a trace element in other foods. A copper deficiency can cause anemia, bone abnormalities, and growth disorders due to iron metabolism disorders, while there have also been cases of excessive intake through cooking utensils and drinking water. Regarding the amount that should be taken in through food, the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) sets guideline and recommended amounts, as well as an upper limit to reduce the risk of health problems due to excessive intake. [Tomomi Kono and Yonago Yamaguchi] "Organic Metal Complexes," 4th edition, edited by the Chemical Society of Japan (1991, Maruzen)" ▽ "Metal Elements in the Body," edited by Yoshinori Itokawa and Tsuyoshi Goto (1994, Koseikan)" ▽ "The History of Money in Japan, by Haruyuki Higashino (1997, Asahi Shimbun)" ▽ "Dictionary of Minerals, edited by Yoshinori Itokawa (2003, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "The History of Iron and Copper Production -- Including Gold, Silver, and Lead," edited by Minoru Sasaki, and written by Hideo Akanuma, Masaru Kanzaki, Shinya Isogawa, and Kiyohide Furuse, revised and expanded edition (2009, Yuzankaku)" ▽ "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2015 Edition -- Report of the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare's "Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese," edited by Akira Hisada and Satoshi Sasaki (2014, Daiichi Publishing)" ▽ "Mining Handbook, various years' editions, edited and published by the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry" [Reference items] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Supplementary information] |©Shogakukan "> Periodic Table ©Shogakukan "> Copper manufacturing process (dry smelting blast furnace method) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周期表第11族に属し、銅族元素(貨幣金属元素ともいう)の一つ。銀、金とともに貨幣金属ともよばれる。単体は赤色の光沢ある金属である。 歴史銅は天然にも金属として産することがあり、また鉱石の製錬法も比較的簡単な金属なので、きわめて古い時代から利用されていた。エジプト、バビロニア、アッシリアの遺跡から6000年以前のものが発掘されており、石器時代のあとでいわゆる銅器時代をつくった。その後、スズとの合金である青銅がつくられ、青銅器時代として人類文化発達の一時代を画した。中世に入って、青銅とともに教会の鐘や装飾品、さらに火薬の発明とともに大砲などに鋳造され、生産額もかなりの量になったようである。 産業革命の時期に入ると、鉄と並んで機械用材料として大量に使われるようになった。さらに19世紀末からの電力の利用発展により、電線をはじめとする電気材料としての需要が急増し、20世紀に入って採鉱、製錬の近代化が進み、圧延機、伸線機などの加工技術も発達して近代産業における重要な地位を確立した。 中国および日本では、古く金、銀とともに三品とよばれ、また五色(ごしき)の金(かね)(黄金(こがね)=金、白金(しろがね)=銀、赤金(あかがね)=銅、黒金(くろがね)=鉄、青金(あおがね)=鉛)の一つであった。日本の古代遺跡からは多くの銅器、青銅器(銅剣、銅矛(どうほこ)、銅鐸(どうたく)など)が発見されているが、それらが日本で古く産出された銅によるものであるという証拠はみいだされていない。多くは中国、朝鮮などより入ってきたものが原料とされている。貨幣としての銅銭はかなり古くから中国(中国では紀元前4世紀ごろには銅貨が流通していた)より入ってきていたが、694年には鋳銭司(ちゅうせんし)が置かれたという記録もあり、さらには708年に初めて秩父(ちちぶ)地方から銅を産し、それにより和銅と改元されたという記録がある(『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』)。 [中原勝儼] 命名の由来古く地中海のキプロス島から産出したので、ローマ人は銅のことをaes Cyprium(キプロス島の金属)と称したが、これからのち、ラテン語でcuprumとよぶようになった。ヨーロッパの各国語の多くは、これから生じたものと考えられる。またギリシア語の銅を意味するkalkosは古くから冶金(やきん)などが盛んに行われていたエウボイア島の主要都市カルキスChalcisに由来するものといわれている。漢字の銅は赤い金(かね)を意味するといわれる。 [中原勝儼] 存在主として硫化物、酸化物、または炭酸塩となって産出する。銅鉱物は150種以上が知られているが、黄銅鉱、斑銅鉱(はんどうこう)、輝銅鉱、赤銅鉱、くじゃく石(孔雀石)、藍銅鉱(らんどうこう)などが主要な鉱物である。日本では黄銅鉱が主要な原料鉱物である。秋田県北部に大規模な鉱床が発見されており、その推定埋蔵量は7500万トンとされている。まれに自然銅として産出することもある。自然銅はアメリカ・ミシガン州で大量に採掘されている。 2011年の世界の銅鉱石生産量は約1624万トンで、主要国はチリ(約32.4%)、中国(約7.8%)、ペルー(約7.6%)、アメリカ(約7.0%)である。また電気銅の生産量は約1979万トンで、アジア(約45.8%。うち日本6.7%)、北南米(約27.9%)、ヨーロッパ(約18.7%)、消費量は約1947万トンで、アジア(約63.1%。うち日本5.2%)、ヨーロッパ(約20.8%)、北南米(約14.1%)となっている。 [中原勝儼] 製法乾式製錬で粗銅をつくり、これを電解精錬で純銅とする方法と、湿式製錬による方法とが行われているが、現在では乾式製錬のほうが多く行われている。 [中原勝儼] 乾式製錬浮遊選鉱などで品位を高めた硫化鉱を煆焼(かしょう)したのち、溶鉱炉で熱すると、珪砂(けいさ)はスラグとなって上に浮き、銅はおもに硫化銅(Ⅰ)の形で鈹(かわ)となって融解して沈む。これを転炉に注入し、底のほうから空気を吹き込むと、次のような変化がおこって銅が遊離する。 2Cu2S+3O2―→2Cu2O+2SO2 [中原勝儼] 湿式製錬鉱石中の銅、亜鉛をあわせて回収しようとする方法で、鉱石を焙焼(ばいしょう)し、銅、亜鉛の硫酸塩とし、水で浸出して電解槽に入れる。初めに銅電解をして銅を得たのち、亜鉛電解を行って亜鉛を得ている。湿式法は、もともと乾式法で採算のとれない貧鉱を処理する方法であるが、最近では品位の十分高い銅、亜鉛鉱石に対しても行われている。ただし、それほど多く行われていない。 [中原勝儼] 性質展性、延性、加工性に富み、かつ強さがある。熱および電気の伝導率は銀に次いで大きく、それぞれ銀の93%、98%で全金属中3番目の大きさである。乾燥した空気中では安定であるが、湿った空気中に長時間放置すると、塩基性炭酸銅やその他の塩基性塩を生じて緑色の緑青(ろくしょう)を生じ、表面を覆う。熱すると暗色の酸化銅(Ⅱ)を生じ、1000℃以上に熱すると、赤紫色の酸化銅(Ⅱ)を生ずる。硝酸および熱濃硫酸によく溶け、濃硫酸に溶けるときは二酸化硫黄(いおう)を生ずる。また塩酸にも徐々に溶ける。アンモニア水とは錯塩をつくり、酢酸などの有機酸にも容易に溶ける。 [中原勝儼] 用途銅そのものはもちろん、黄銅、青銅、アルミニウム青銅、ベリリウム銅など、合金としての用途もきわめて広く、とくに電線をはじめ伸銅品として多く使われている。電線には、電気銅を溶解して両端を細くした角棒状に鋳込んだ棹(さお)銅を用い、これを荒引き線とし、各種の電線に加工する。また伸銅品は電気銅その他の合金用金属、銅屑(くず)、銅合金などを適当に配合して溶解し、所定の成分に調整して鋳込んだ銅塊を原料とし、板、棒、管、線などに加工する。銅板は俗に「あか」あるいは赤金(あかがね)といわれ、熱の伝導性と耐食性を生かして、鍋(なべ)をはじめ一般什器(じゅうき)にも使われる。また銅貨はスズ2~10%程度の青銅である。このほか金、銀その他の合金として各種のものが知られている。 [中原勝儼] 人体と銅人体には銅が約80ミリグラム含まれている。おもに筋肉や骨、そのほかの組織や血中に存在している。銅の人体での役割は鉄と関係が深い。血色素であるヘモグロビンは鉄と結合して合成される。このときの鉄の取り込みに銅が必要である。また、鉄が腸管から吸収されるのを助ける作用もある。そのほか、酵素の構成成分として乳児の成長、血液凝固、糖やコレステロールの代謝などに関係している。 銅を比較的よく含む食品は肝臓(レバー)で、そのほかココアやチョコレートにもかなり含まれる。ほかの食品にも微量成分として存在する。銅が不足すると鉄代謝障害による貧血、骨異常、成長障害などがおこり、一方で調理器具や飲料水による過剰摂取の例がある。食事からとるべき量については、「日本人の食事摂取基準」(厚生労働省)により、目安量や推奨量、および過剰摂取による健康障害のリスクを下げるための上限量が設定されている。 [河野友美・山口米子] 『日本化学会編『有機金属錯体』第4版(1991・丸善)』▽『糸川嘉則・五島孜郎編『生体内金属元素』(1994・光生館)』▽『東野治之著『貨幣の日本史』(1997・朝日新聞社)』▽『糸川嘉則編『ミネラルの事典』(2003・朝倉書店)』▽『佐々木稔編著、赤沼英男・神崎勝・五十川伸矢・古瀬清秀著『鉄と銅の生産の歴史――金・銀・鉛も含めて』増補改訂版(2009・雄山閣)』▽『菱田明・佐々木敏監修『日本人の食事摂取基準2015年版――厚生労働省「日本人の食事摂取基準」策定検討会報告書』(2014・第一出版)』▽『経済産業調査会編・刊『鉱業便覧』各年版』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [補完資料] |©Shogakukan"> 周期表 ©Shogakukan"> 銅の製造工程(乾式製錬溶鉱炉法) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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