A general term for buildings that were created in the Indian subcontinent and have a significant cultural significance. Historically, it is usually divided into five stages. (1) Prehistoric period (before the 6th century BCE) Architecture belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization was particularly important. As seen in the ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, paved roads and sewers were laid according to orderly urban planning, and functional facilities such as houses, shops, workshops, and warehouses were built using baked bricks. (2) Ancient period (6th century BCE to 5th century CE) Religious architecture based on Buddhism and Jainism developed, and temples with stupas (stupas), chaityas (shrines), and viharas (monasteries) were built in great numbers, as seen in ruins such as Sanchi, Nalanda, Sarnath, Nagarjunakonda, and Taxila. Many rock-cut temples were also excavated, such as those at Bhaja, Kali, Ajanta, and Ellora. (3) The Middle Ages (5th to 13th centuries) were particularly important in the development of Hindu architecture, with fine examples of Nagara (northern) temples (→ Nagara architecture) at Bhubaneswar, Konark, and Khajuraho, Dravidian (southern) temples (→ Dravidian architecture) at Mahabalipuram, Kanchipuram, and Madurai, and Vesala (intermediate) temples (→ Vesala architecture) at Ittagi, Somnathpur, and Halebid. (4) The Early Modern Period (13th to 18th centuries) was a period of development in Indo-Islamic art, with magnificent mosques, palaces, forts, and tombs being built. Early examples include the Qutub Mosque, and later examples include the palace at Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal at Agra. The Punjab, Kashmir, Jaunpur, Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, Deccan, and other regions each had their own distinctive regional styles. (5) Modern (18th century and after) Public buildings in Western or eclectic styles developed mainly in large cities such as Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
インド亜大陸において創出された文化史上顕著な意味をもつ建造物の総称。歴史的には通例として次の5段階に分けられる。 (1) 先史時代 (前6世紀以前) インダス文明に属する建築が特に重要で,ハラッパー遺跡,モヘンジョ・ダロ遺跡などにみられるように,整然とした都市計画により舗装道路や下水道が敷設され,焼成煉瓦を用いて住居,店舗,工房,倉庫などの機能的施設がつくられた。 (2) 古代 (前6~後5世紀) 仏教,ジャイナ教に基づく宗教建築が発展し,サーンチー,ナーランダ,サールナート,ナーガールジュナコンダ,タキシラなどの諸遺跡にみられるように,ストゥーパ (仏塔) ,チャイティヤ (祠堂) ,ビハーラ (僧房) などを有する寺院が盛んに建てられた。また,バージャー,カールリー,アジャンタ,エローラなど,多くの石窟寺院が開掘された。 (3) 中世 (5~13世紀) ヒンドゥー教建築の発展が特に重要であり,ナガラ型 (北部型) の寺院 (→ナガラ型建築 ) はブバネスワル,コナーラク,カジュラーホなどに,ドラビダ型 (南部型) の寺院 (→ドラビダ型建築 ) はマハーバリプラム,カーンチプラム,マドゥライなどに,ベーサラ型 (中間型) の寺院 (→ベーサラ型建築 ) はイッタギ,ソームナートプル,ハレービードなどに,それぞれ優れた実例が残っている。 (4) 近世 (13~18世紀) インド・イスラム美術の展開期で,壮麗なモスク,宮殿,城郭,墓廟などが建てられている。初期の例ではクトゥブ・モスク,後期の例ではファテプルシークリの宮殿,アーグラのタージ・マハルなどが名高い。パンジャブ,カシミール,ジャウンプル,ベンガル,グジャラート,マールワ,デカンなどにはそれぞれ特色ある地方様式が生まれた。 (5) 近代 (18世紀以降) カルカッタ,デリー,ムンバイ,チェンナイなどの大都市を中心に,西欧様式ないし折衷様式の公共建築が発展した。
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