Toynbee, Arnold Joseph

Japanese: トインビー（英語表記）Toynbee， Arnold Joseph

Born: April 14, 1889, London
[Died] October 22, 1975. York. British historian. Studied at Oxford University, specializing in Greek history. After serving as a professor at the University of London (1919-24), he became a senior research fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (1924-56). He was active as a government official during both world wars, and was also dispatched to the Paris Peace Conference (1946). He wrote many books, including The New Europe (1915) and Civilization on Trial (1948), but his most famous work is his 12-volume magnum opus, A Study of History (1934-61). He considered the origin of civilization to be a test of "response" to the "challenge" of the environment, and developed a theory of "withdrawal and return" by emphasizing the role of heroes (especially religious figures) in history. He also presented a kind of religious and prophetic view of history, as opposed to the political and economic determinism of previous historians, such as regarding the collapse of civilization as the "revenge of creativity."

Toynbee
Toynbee, (Theodore) Philip

Born June 25, 1916, Oxford
[Died] June 15, 1981, St. Briarbells, Lydney. British novelist and poet. Son of historian A. Toynbee. Graduated from Oxford University after attending Rugby School. Known for his novels that use experimental techniques such as interior monologue and mythological techniques. His works include The Savage Days (1937), Tea with Mrs. Goodman (47), The Garden to the Sea (54), and the Pantaloon Series (61-68), a collection of verse stories with autobiographical elements.

Toynbee
Toynbee, Arnold

Born: August 23, 1852.
[Died] March 9, 1883.
British economic historian and social reformer. Graduated from Oxford University. As a tutor at Balliol College, Oxford, he taught economics and economic history, and was particularly pioneering in his research on the Industrial Revolution. He also devoted himself to charity, cooperatives, and church reform, and after his death, the world's first settlement, Toynbee Hall, was built in London to commemorate him. His main work is The Industrial Revolution (1884).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1889.4.14. ロンドン
[没]1975.10.22. ヨーク
イギリスの歴史家。オックスフォード大学に学び，ギリシア史を専攻。ロンドン大学教授 (1919～24) を経て王立国際問題研究所主任研究員 (1924～56) ，両世界大戦中は政府要員として活躍，パリ平和会議 (1946) にも派遣された。著書は『新しいヨーロッパ』 The New Europe (1915) をはじめ『試練に立つ文明』 Civilization on Trial (1948) など多数あるが，12巻の大著『歴史の研究』A Study of History (1934～61) が代表作。文明の起源を環境の「挑戦」に対する「応答」の試練とみ，歴史における英雄 (特に宗教家) の役割を重視して「撤退と復帰」の理論を展開。また文明崩壊の原因を「創造性の復讐」とみなすなど従来の史家の政治的，経済的決定論に対して一種の宗教的，予言的史観を提示した。

トインビー
Toynbee， (Theodore) Philip

[生]1916.6.25. オックスフォード
[没]1981.6.15. セントブリアベルズリドニー
イギリスの小説家，詩人。歴史家 A.トインビーの息子。ラグビー校を経てオックスフォード大学卒業。内的独白や神話的手法など，実験的手法の小説で知られる。『野蛮な時代』 The Savage Days (1937) ，『グッドマン夫人とのお茶』 Tea with Mrs. Goodman (47) ，『海に向った庭』 The Garden to the Sea (54) などの小説，自伝的要素を含む韻文物語集「パンタロン・シリーズ」 The Pantaloon Series (61～68) などがある。

トインビー
Toynbee， Arnold

[生]1852.8.23.
[没]1883.3.9.
イギリスの経済史家，社会改良家。オックスフォード大学卒業。同大学ベイリオル・カレッジのチューターとして経済学，経済史を講じ，特に産業革命の研究で新時代を画した。また慈善事業，協同組合，教会改革にも献身，その死後彼を記念して世界最初のセツルメントであるトインビー・ホールがロンドンに造られた。主著『産業革命史』 The Industrial Revolution (1884) 。

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