Pemphigus (Pemphigus vulgaris, Pemphigus foliaceus)

Japanese: 天疱瘡(尋常性天疱瘡、落葉状天疱瘡) - てんぽうそう(じんじょうせいてんぽうそう、らくようじょうてんぽうそう)(英語表記)Pemphigus (Pemphigus vulgaris, Pemphigus foliaceus)
Pemphigus (Pemphigus vulgaris, Pemphigus foliaceus)

What kind of disability is it?

Pemphigus usually begins without warning (prodrome) and appears as blisters of various sizes on healthy skin. Blisters ( Water ) Pemphigus vulgaris is a type of skin disease that causes large erosions, while pemphigus vulgaris is a type of skin disease that causes small blisters that look like fallen leaves. Desquamation ( Easy ) There is a type of pemphigus foliaceus that can cause

In the common form, the mucous membranes inside the mouth and other areas are often affected, but in the deciduous form, the mucous membranes are generally not affected.

Adrenal cortex ( Fukushima History ) With the advent of hormone (steroid) drugs, the mortality rate has improved dramatically, but the mortality rate for common cases still remains at 5-10%, so it is a disease that cannot be underestimated.

What is the cause?

The cause is a part of a protein called immunoglobulin contained in the patient's blood. Immunoglobulin is a protein that is in our bodies to fight viruses and bacteria, but a part of it starts fighting against the skin, causing damage to the skin.

Specifically, in pemphigus vulgaris, it attacks desmoglein 3 (a protein that connects cells together) in the skin, while in pemphigus foliaceus, it attacks desmoglein 1 in the skin.

How symptoms manifest

In the common form, blisters suddenly appear on the skin, which quickly break open and turn into erosions. The erosions are difficult to heal and painful to touch. In roughly half of patients, the condition begins with erosions in the mouth that are difficult to heal.

In deciduous disease, the blisters are smaller and dry more easily than in normal disease, so they may look like leaves on the skin.

Testing and diagnosis

The diagnostic criteria established by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare are useful for diagnosis. The diagnostic criteria are excerpted below, but because they can be difficult to understand, explanations are provided in parentheses.

1) Clinical diagnosis items

a. Frequent, easily torn skin lesions Flaccid ( Resume ) Blisters (many blisters)

b. Progressive, intractable erosion secondary to blisters Scaly, crusted plaque ( Residency ) (The blisters may turn into sores that are difficult to heal.)

c. Non-infectious blisters, erosions, or aphthous lesions on visible mucous membranes, including the oral mucosa (painful sores in the mouth)

d. Nikolsky's sign (when you rub the area vigorously, blisters appear)

② Histopathological diagnosis items (a skin sample is taken for examination. This is called a skin biopsy)

a. Intercellular space of the epidermis bridge ( today ) of dissociation ( Kairi ) ( Acantholysis ( Elected ) Intraepidermal blisters caused by

③ Immunohistological diagnostic items (a is another test that takes skin in addition to ②. b is a test that takes blood)

a. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) (sometimes called IgG) is present in the cell membranes (intercellular spaces) of lesions or apparently normal skin and mucous membranes. complement ( Want ) ) deposition is observed.

b. From blood Anti-epidermal cell membrane ( Public relations and business ) (Immuno) antibody (pemphigus antibody) (IgG class) Immunofluorescence ( Economic and political scrutiny ) Identify with.

c) Demonstration of the presence of anti-desmoglein 1 and/or anti-desmoglein 3 antibodies in the blood by ELISA.

④Judgment and diagnosis

A case that meets at least one of the criteria in ① and ②, and also at least one of the criteria in ③, is considered to be pemphigus.

b. Cases that meet at least two of the criteria in ① and also meet criteria a, b, and c in ③ are considered pemphigus.

Treatment methods

The basic treatment is steroid drugs. Steroid drugs have side effects, and it seems that an increasing number of patients are refusing to use them because they are scary drugs due to the influence of the media. However, if you consider that pemphigus vulgaris was a disease with a mortality rate of over 90% before steroid drugs were introduced, and that 9 (or more) out of 10 people would die if they did not take steroid drugs, you can see the importance of steroid treatment.

If steroids do not improve the condition, immunosuppressants are used. Serum purification therapy ( Production information ) High-dose immunoglobulin therapy is also effective. Pemphigus foliaceus may be treated with DDS (Rectisol).

What to do if you notice an illness

If left untreated, this is a disease with a high mortality rate, so if you develop blisters on your body that do not heal, it is important to see a dermatologist.

Toshihiro Tanaka

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな障害か

 天疱瘡は普通、前ぶれ(前駆症状)なく、健康な皮膚にいろいろな大きさの水ぶくれ(水疱(すいほう))ができる病気です。大きなびらんをつくるタイプの尋常性天疱瘡と、小さな水疱ができて落ち葉のような落屑(らくせつ)になる落葉状天疱瘡があります。

 尋常性では口のなかなどの粘膜も侵されることがほとんどですが、落葉状では粘膜は侵されないほうが多いとされています。

 副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ホルモン(ステロイド)薬の登場により、死亡率は劇的に改善された病気ですが、今でも死亡率は尋常性では5~10%あり、油断のできない病気です。

原因は何か

 原因は、患者さんの血液のなかに含まれる免疫グロブリンという蛋白質の一部です。免疫グロブリンは、本来はウイルスやばい菌と闘うために私たちの体のなかにある蛋白質ですが、その一部が自分の皮膚と闘いだすために皮膚が傷んでしまいます。

 具体的には、尋常性天疱瘡では皮膚のデスモグレイン(細胞と細胞をつなぐ蛋白質)3を、落葉状天疱瘡では皮膚のデスモグレイン1を攻撃します。

症状の現れ方

 尋常性では、皮膚に突然水疱ができて、すぐに破れてびらん(ただれ)になります。びらんは治りにくく、触ると痛みがあります。おおよそ半分の患者さんでは、口のなかの治りにくいびらんで始まるとされます。

 落葉状では、尋常性に比べて水疱が小さく乾きやすいので、皮膚に木の葉がついたように見えることがあります。普通は体中にできます。

検査と診断

 診断では、厚生労働省が定めた診断基準が参考になります。以下に診断基準を抜粋しますが、わかりにくいのでカッコ内に解説を入れます。

①臨床的診断項目

a.皮膚に多発する破れやすい弛緩性(しかんせい)水疱(水疱がたくさんできること)

b.水疱に続発する進行性、難治性のびらんないし鱗屑痂皮性局面(りんせつかひせいきょくめん)(水疱が治りにくいびらんになること)

c.口腔粘膜を含む可視粘膜部の非感染性水疱、びらんないしアフタ性病変(口のなかに痛みがあるびらんができること)

d.ニコルスキー現象(強くこすると、そこに水疱ができること)

②病理組織学的診断項目(皮膚をとって検査する。皮膚生検という)

a.表皮間細胞間(きょう)解離(かいり)棘融解(きょくゆうかい))による表皮内水疱

③免疫組織学的診断項目(aは②とは別にもうひとつ皮膚をとる検査です。bは血液をとる検査)

a.病変部ないしは外見上正常な皮膚、粘膜部の細胞膜(間)部に免疫グロブリンG(IgG)(時に補体(ほたい))の沈着が認められる。

b.流血中より抗表皮細胞膜(こうひょうひさいぼうまく)(間)抗体(天疱瘡抗体)(IgGクラス)を蛍光抗体法(けいこうこうたいほう)で同定する。

c.流血中に抗デスモグレイン1抗体や抗デスモグレイン3抗体があることをELISA法で証明する。

④判定および診断

a.①のうち少なくとも1項目と②を満たし、かつ、③のうち少なくとも1項目を満たす症例を天疱瘡とする。

b.①のうち少なくとも2項目以上を満たし、③のa、b、cを満たす症例を天疱瘡とする。

治療の方法

 基本はステロイド薬による治療です。ステロイド薬は副作用もあり、マスコミの影響で怖い薬だから使いたくないと主張する患者さんが増えているようです。しかし、ステロイド薬が登場する前は、尋常性天疱瘡が死亡率90%以上の病気であったことを考えれば、ステロイド薬をのまなければ、10人のうち9人(以上)が、亡くなってしまうわけですから、ステロイド治療の大切さがわかると思います。

 ステロイド薬でも快方に向かわない時には、免疫抑制薬を使用します。血清浄化療法(けっせいじょうかりょうほう)や免疫グロブリン大量療法も有効です。落葉状天疱瘡ではDDS(レクチゾール)を使って治療することがあります。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 何も治療しなければ高率で亡くなる病気ですから、治りにくい水疱が体にできた時には、皮膚科専門医に診てもらうことが大切です。

田中 俊宏

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

<<:  Tenpo Tsūhō

>>:  Tempozan

Recommend

Mikawa

One of the 15 provinces along the Tokaido. It beca...

Government financial institutions

A financial institution fully funded by the gover...

Corner

…Generally, a peasant's house had a main hous...

Young, EH

…British mountaineer. Born to a baron, Edward Hil...

Garrison - Chindai

〘Noun〙 (also "chintai") 1. An institutio...

Miscellaneous - Zassetsu

In the Japanese calendar, this refers to days oth...

《Odokeyabo no Tamatori》 - Odokeyabo no Tamatori

In ancient documents, they are written as ama, am...

Malva sylvestris (English spelling)

…[Yoshiharu Iijima]. … *Some of the terminology t...

Focillon (English spelling) Henri Joseph Focillon

A French scholar of aesthetics and art history. H...

Wagner, M.

… [Isolation theory] The idea that geographical i...

General teaching - Ippankyokai

… In Japan under the Constitution of the Empire o...

Macao - Macao (English spelling)

A former Portuguese colony on the west bank of th...

de La Rocque, F. (English spelling) deLaRocqueF

...meaning "Cross of Fire". In 1930, wh...

Iida Incident

A plan for the uprising of the Liberal Democratic...

Kuonji Temple

The head temple of the Nichiren sect, located in ...