Joule's Law

Japanese: ジュールの法則 - じゅーるのほうそく
Joule's Law

This law states that when an electric current I flows through a conductor with electrical resistance R , the amount of heat Q generated in the conductor per unit time is expressed as Q = I 2 R. It is so named because it was discovered by Joule as a result of his experiments. In addition, Joule-Thomson's experiments revealed that in ideal gases, the internal energy is determined only by temperature. This law is also called Joule's law. This law most clearly shows the characteristics of ideal gases.

Microscopically speaking, the gaseous state of a substance is a state in which the molecules specific to that substance (for example, O2 molecules for oxygen) fly about erratically and actively throughout the entire space of the container that contains the gas. The molecules fly about actively because they have thermal energy equivalent to the current temperature as kinetic energy. On the other hand, in real gases, the molecules have a finite size and there is interaction between the molecules, so the actions of each molecule are not independent of each other. This means that there is potential energy between the molecules, and that the internal energy of the gas depends not only on the temperature but also on the volume. Conversely, an ideal gas is one in which the molecules can be considered as sizeless mass points, there is no interaction between the molecules, and each molecule acts completely independently of each other.

[Shozo Sawada]

[Reference] | Joule's experiment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電気抵抗Rの導線に電流Iを流すとき、導線に発生する単位時間当りの熱量Qは、QI2Rで表されるという法則。ジュールが実験の結果みいだしたのでこの名がある。また、ジュール‐トムソンの実験により、理想気体では、内部エネルギーが温度だけで決まるということが明らかになった。これもジュールの法則という。この法則は理想気体の特質をもっとも明確に示すものである。

 微視的にいうと、ある物質の気体状態は、その物質に特有な分子(たとえば酸素ではO2分子)が、この気体が入っている容器内の全空間をほとんど不規則に活発に飛び回っている状態である。分子が活発に飛び回っているのは、分子が現在の温度に相当する熱エネルギーを運動エネルギーとしてもっているからである。一方、実在の気体では、分子は有限の大きさをもっており、また分子間には相互作用があって、これらのことから、各分子の行動は互いに独立ではない。このことは、分子間に位置のエネルギー(ポテンシャル・エネルギー)が存在するということであり、また、気体の内部エネルギーが温度だけではなく体積にもよるということでもある。逆にいえば、理想気体とは、分子を大きさをもたない質点と考えることができ、かつ分子間に相互作用がなくて、各分子は互いにまったく独立に行動しているということである。

[沢田正三]

[参照項目] | ジュールの実験

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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