Also known as smallpox, it is an extremely contagious acute rash infectious disease that once caused repeated epidemics and many deaths, and is known for the World Health Organization's (WHO) declaration of its eradication. In 1967, the WHO established the Smallpox Eradication Headquarters, and with the cooperation of various countries, mobilized 500,000 people and launched a large-scale smallpox eradication plan, investing a total of 100 million dollars. Focusing on the fact that smallpox is a disease that only humans can contract and that it can be prevented by vaccination, vaccination was thoroughly implemented in areas where smallpox was prevalent. Some countries had already eradicated the disease through the widespread use of vaccination, but in 1969 there were still over 100,000 cases in 42 countries. After that, the number of affected countries and patients decreased every year, and smallpox was eradicated one after another in South America, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. The last case in East Africa was a Somali patient in October 1977, and smallpox cases were finally eradicated from the whole world. After two years of intensive follow-up surveys in East Africa, the International Smallpox Eradication Committee, the WHO's on-site survey organization, reported the eradication of smallpox on October 26, 1979, and the WHO Director-General declared the eradication of smallpox on the same day. This declaration of smallpox eradication was approved by the 65th WHO Executive Board in January 1980, and the eradication of smallpox was officially confirmed at the 33rd World Health Assembly on May 8. As a result, an amendment was adopted at the 34th World Health Assembly in May 1981 to remove smallpox-related provisions from the list of quarantinable communicable diseases (quarantinable infectious diseases) in the International Health Regulations, and came into effect on January 1, 1982. In Japan, epidemics of various sizes have occurred since the Nara period, but the disease died down after the last epidemic in 1946, and was eradicated after a single case was reported in 1980. Since then, there have been only two outbreaks, one imported by a person returning from Bangladesh and one by India, in 1973 and 1974, respectively. [Noriaki Yanagishita] ClassificationSmallpox symptoms and progression vary greatly depending on the virulence of the pathogenic virus, the nature of the infected person, and the level of immunity from vaccination. For this reason, there are various classifications of the disease. For example, there are some that classify smallpox into two types: variola major (also called classical smallpox) and variola minor (also called alastrim), but it is generally classified into three types: truepox, variable smallpox, and hemorrhagic (purpuric) smallpox. [Noriaki Yanagishita] SymptomsEach disease type will be described below. (1) True smallpox Also called mature smallpox, this is a severe form of the disease seen in those who have never been vaccinated or who have lost their immunity several years after vaccination. The incubation period is 10 to 13 days. The patient suddenly feels chills and develops a high fever, along with a strong headache and back pain. On the second day after onset of the disease, a red rash (prodromal rash) usually appears on the outside of the upper arm where the vaccination was administered, but sometimes appears all over the body. This prodromal rash disappears in 3 to 4 days, but from the fourth day, numerous small red papules appear all over the body, starting with the face. The fever temporarily drops around this time, but rises again to around 38°C in about a day and continues for about a week. Smallpox is characterized by the changes in the rash (pompompurin). The small red papules turn into blisters in about two days and become sunken in the center. Around the eighth day after the onset of the disease, the contents of the blisters turn yellow and cloudy, forming pustules, and similar things appear on the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, etc. This rash progresses uniformly all over the body, causing pain and making the patient lose consciousness, leading to complications such as pneumonia or septicemia, and in some cases death from exhaustion. After this period, around the 12th day after the onset of the disease, the pustules dry up and form crusts, and the fever subsides and returns to normal. When the crusts fall off, they become scars, creating small depressions in the skin, leaving behind what are known as "pockmarks." This is typical of smallpox. (2) Variola Also called Japanese smallpox, this is a mild form of the disease seen when a person with a certain degree of immunity to smallpox is infected. The first few days of the disease are similar to those of true pox, but the course thereafter is milder, and the characteristic smallpox does not appear or, if it does appear, is few in number and does not fully develop, making it difficult to distinguish from chickenpox. In addition, there is usually no second fever and no scars are left. (3) Hemorrhagic smallpox Also known as bleeding smallpox, this is a severe form of the disease seen in some people and is believed to be caused by allergies. The initial symptoms of the disease are severe, with a prodromal rash appearing almost all over the body, resembling purpura, as well as nosebleeds, uterine bleeding, and bloody stools. If the patient survives for 5 to 6 days, smallpox will also appear, but bleeding will also occur, and the patient will soon die. [Noriaki Yanagishita] TreatmentThere is no specific cure for the disease, so symptomatic treatment is performed while preventing complications. Prevention by vaccination is the priority. [Noriaki Yanagishita] infectionThe sores on the patient's skin or mucous membranes break, allowing the contents to be dispersed and enter the respiratory tract, digestive tract, or small wounds on the skin, either directly or through objects. [Noriaki Yanagishita] prognosisThe mortality rate depends on the vaccination, with the mortality rate for those who have not been vaccinated being over 50%, while that for those who have been vaccinated is less than 1%. Depending on the type of epidemic pathogen, there can be mild cases with a mortality rate of less than 1% and severe cases with a mortality rate of around 30%. [Noriaki Yanagishita] Variola virusVariola virus is also called pox virus, and is a general term for the pathogenic viruses that cause smallpox in humans, cowpox in cattle, mousepox in mice, sheeppox in sheep and goats, swinepox in pigs, and fowlpox in chickens. It is a large virus with a double-stranded DNA structure, and there are no differences between each virus except for the host specificity of the animals in which it shows pathogenicity. It is highly resistant to drying, and the virus in the dried scab remains infectious (disease-causing) for many years. It also does not die even in 0.5-1% carbonated water, and is highly resistant to glycerin, but is weakly resistant to heat and ultraviolet rays. That is, it is inactivated at 55-60℃, and dies within a few hours when exposed to direct sunlight. [Noriaki Yanagishita] historySince the pathogenic virus of smallpox cannot be maintained except by human-to-human transmission, it is estimated that it became established as a human disease about 10,000 years ago, when people began to settle down through agriculture and began to concentrate their populations. The oldest evidence of smallpox is the smallpox scars on the face of the mummy of Ramses V of Egypt, who died around 1160 BC. In terms of literature, there are records of a disease presumed to be smallpox in Indian records from before that, and it is thought that smallpox spread from India to the rest of the world. It is said that smallpox entered Europe quite late, but there is also a theory that the plague that struck Athens in 430 BC, the second year of the Peloponnesian War, was smallpox. It is said that smallpox entered China from India via the Western Regions at the end of the 2nd century BC, or at the latest around the beginning of the 4th century, and it is estimated that it was then introduced to Japan via the Korean Peninsula. It is also said that smallpox did not exist in the Americas before contact with the Spanish, and as a result, there was no immunity to the disease, which led to major epidemics after contact and is thought to have been one of the reasons for the rapid population decline. The oldest written record of a disease clearly thought to be smallpox in Japan dates back to 735 (Tenpyo 7), but there is also a theory that an epidemic accompanied by a rash in the late 6th century (552, 585) was smallpox. It was known that smallpox would not recur once contracted, but there were various theories about the cause of the disease, including that it was fetal poisoning, that it was due to luck, that it was due to the volatile energy of heaven and earth, and that it was caused by dietary habits, and it was not until the late Edo period that medical practitioners began to accept that smallpox was a purely infectious disease. However, it was only from the mid-Edo period onwards that belief in the "pox god" or "smallpox god" became widespread. During the first smallpox epidemic in ancient times, people prayed to gods or worshiped gods for recovery, but it is said that it was around the middle of the Edo period that a special god began to be worshiped as a smallpox god, and there were various theories about who the deity was. Since the progression of smallpox from onset to recovery is somewhat regular, the disease was widely classified into stages, but cures were limited to symptomatic ones. One widely practiced treatment was sake baths (bathing in a mixture of rice-washing water and sake), and since it was believed that the more red the pox, the better the progress, there was a custom of using red clothing, curtains, toys, etc. for both patients and caregivers. Smallpox was called "Oyaku" (a duty) because it was thought that everyone would get it at least once in their lifetime, and that once they had overcome it, they were finally able to become adults, so it also had a rite of passage significance. Variolabolic inoculation as a preventative measure has been practiced in various regions since ancient times. Specifically, it involves dissolving smallpox scabs in water and pricking the skin, powdering it and blowing it into the nasal cavity, or applying purulent serous fluid from smallpox to the skin and scratching or pricking it. The former was practiced in parts of Asia and China from the 11th century onwards, while the latter was practiced in parts of Africa and India. It was only in the early modern period that patients began to be isolated to prevent infection. [Hideo Takei] "The Frontline of Science and Technology 2: The Day Smallpox Disappeared from the Earth - A Triumph for International Medical Cooperation" by Isao Arita (1991, Asunaro Shobo)" ▽ "Jenner's Gift - The Man Who Protected Humanity from Smallpox" by Shiro Kato (1997, Caikon Publishing)" ▽ "Taking on Smallpox - Vaccination Doctor Kitajo Ryosai" by Rikuo Ninomiya (1997, Hirakawa Publishing)" ▽ "Smallpox Disappeared" by Kei Kitamura (Chuko Shinsho)" [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
痘瘡(とうそう)、疱瘡(ほうそう)ともよばれ、伝染力がきわめて強く、昔は大流行を繰り返して多数の死亡者を出した急性発疹(ほっしん)性伝染病で、WHO(世界保健機関)の根絶宣言で知られる。すなわち、WHOは1967年に天然痘根絶本部を設け、各国の協力を得て50万人を動員し、総額1億ドルを投じて大規模な天然痘根絶計画を発足させた。天然痘は人類だけが罹患(りかん)する病気であり、種痘によって予防できる病気であることに着目して、天然痘の発生地域に種痘を徹底的に実施したのである。すでに種痘の普及によって根絶されている国もあったが、69年にはまだ42か国に10万人を超える患者発生がみられた。その後は毎年発生国と患者数が減少し、南アメリカ、東南アジア、南アジアなどの各地域でも次々と天然痘が終息していき、残る東アフリカ地域で77年10月のソマリア人の患者を最後として、ついに全世界から天然痘患者の発生がなくなった。以後2年間、東アフリカで厳重な集中的追跡調査を行ったうえで79年10月26日、WHOの現地調査機関である国際天然痘根絶委員会は天然痘の根絶を報告し、同日WHO事務局長から宣言された。この天然痘根絶宣言は80年1月の第65回WHO執行理事会で承認され、5月8日の第33回世界保健総会において正式に天然痘根絶が確認された。この結果、81年5月の第34回世界保健総会で国際保健規則の検疫伝染病(検疫感染症)から天然痘関係条項を削除する改正が採択され、82年1月1日から施行された。 日本では奈良時代から大小の流行を繰り返してきたが、1946年(昭和21)の流行を最後に下火となり、55年の1例の報告以後根絶した。その後は、73年と74年にそれぞれバングラデシュおよびインドからの帰国者各1人の輸入例による発生があっただけである。 [柳下徳雄] 分類天然痘は病原ウイルスの毒力の強弱、感染した人の素質、種痘による免疫の程度などによって症状や経過に著しい差異を生ずる。このため、病型に対するさまざまな分類がある。たとえば、本型variola major(古典的天然痘ともいう)と亜型variola minor(アラストリムともいう)の2型に分類したものもあるが、一般には真痘、仮痘、出血性(紫斑(しはん)性)痘瘡の三つに分類される。 [柳下徳雄] 症状それぞれの病型について述べる。 (1)真痘 熟痘ともいい、種痘を受けたことのない者、または種痘後数年以上経過して免疫のなくなった者にみられる重い病型である。潜伏期は10~13日。急に寒気がして高熱を発し、強い頭痛や腰痛がある。発病2日目ごろに紅色の発疹(前駆疹)が普通は以前に種痘を受けた上腕の外側に出るが、ときには全身に現れる。この前駆疹は3~4日で消えるが、4日目ごろから多数の小さくて赤い丘疹が顔面から始まって全身に現れる。このころ熱が一時的に下がるが、1日くらいでふたたび38℃前後に上昇し、約1週間続く。天然痘はこの発疹(痘疹)の変化に特徴があり、赤い小丘疹は2日くらいで水疱(すいほう)となり、中央がくぼむ。発病8日目ごろには水疱の内容が黄色に混濁して膿疱(のうほう)となり、同様なものが鼻腔(びくう)、口腔、咽頭(いんとう)などの粘膜面にもできる。この全身の発疹は一様に進行し、痛がゆく、意識もはっきりしなくなって肺炎や敗血症を併発し、衰弱して死亡することもある。この時期を過ぎて発病12日目ごろになれば、膿疱が乾いて痂皮(かひ)(かさぶた)となり、熱も下がって平熱に戻る。痂皮がとれると瘢痕(はんこん)となって皮膚に小さなくぼみをつくり、いわゆる「あばた」を残す。これが典型的な天然痘である。 (2)仮痘 和痘ともいい、天然痘にある程度の免疫のある者が感染した場合にみられる軽い病型である。病初期の数日間は真痘の場合と同様であるが、その後の経過が軽く、特有の痘疹は現れないか、現れても数が少なく、完全に発育しないで終わるので、水痘との鑑別がむずかしくなる。また、二度目の発熱もなく、瘢痕も残さないのが普通である。 (3)出血性痘瘡 出血痘ともいい、一部の人にみられる重い病型で、アレルギーによるとされている。病初期の症状が激しく、前駆疹がほとんど全身にみられ、紫斑病様となるほか、鼻出血や子宮出血、血便などもみられる。5~6日まで生存すれば痘疹も出現するが、これにも出血がみられ、早晩死亡するに至る。 [柳下徳雄] 治療発病後の特効薬はなく、合併症を予防しながら対症療法を行う。種痘による予防が優先する。 [柳下徳雄] 感染患者の皮膚や粘膜の痘疹が破れ、内容が飛散して直接または物品を介して呼吸器、消化器、皮膚の小さい傷口から侵入する。 [柳下徳雄] 予後種痘によって左右され、種痘を受けたことのない患者の致命率が50%以上なのに対し、種痘をした患者の致命率は1%以下となっている。なお、流行病原体の種類によっては1%以下の軽症や30%台の重症型もある。 [柳下徳雄] 痘瘡ウイルス痘瘡ウイルスはポックスウイルスともよび、ヒトの天然痘をはじめ、ウシの牛痘、ネズミの鼠痘(そとう)、ヒツジやヤギの羊痘、ブタの豚痘、ニワトリの鶏痘などをおこす病原ウイルスの総称である。DNA二重鎖を中心にもった大型のウイルスで、病原性を示す動物が異なるという宿主の特異性のほかには各ウイルス間に差異がみられない。乾燥に対する抵抗力がきわめて強く、乾いた痂皮中のウイルスは年余にわたって感染力(発病力)をもっている。また、0.5~1%の石炭酸水中でも死滅せず、グリセリンに対しても強い抵抗を示すが、熱や紫外線に対しては抵抗力が弱い。すなわち、55~60℃で不活性化され、直射日光を受けると数時間で死滅する。 [柳下徳雄] 歴史天然痘は人から人へ感染する以外にはその病原ウイルスが維持されないため、人間の病気として定着したのは、農耕による定住生活が始まり人口が集中し始めた、いまからおよそ1万年前のことと推定されている。もっとも古い天然痘の証拠としては、紀元前1160年ごろに死んだエジプトのラムセス5世のミイラの顔などに残る痘痕(とうこん)(あばた)があげられる。文献的には、それより以前のインドの記録に天然痘と推定される病気の記述があり、天然痘はインドから世界中へ広がっていったものと考えられている。ヨーロッパへの天然痘の侵入はかなり遅くなってからといわれているが、ペロポネソス戦争第2年目の前430年にアテナイ(アテネ)を襲った疫病は天然痘であろうという説もある。中国へはインドから西域(せいいき)経由で前2世紀末、または遅くとも4世紀初めごろに侵入したといわれており、それが朝鮮半島経由で日本にも伝わったと推定されている。また、アメリカ大陸にはスペイン人との接触以前には天然痘はなかったといわれ、そのために天然痘に対する免疫がなく、接触後の大流行を招き、人口急減の一因となったと考えられている。 日本で明らかに天然痘と考えられる病気のもっとも古い記述は、735年(天平7)のものであるが、6世紀後半(552、585)の発疹(ほっしん)を伴う疫病を天然痘であるとする説もある。天然痘は一度罹患(りかん)すると再発しないことは知られていたが、その病因については、胎毒とする説、歳運によるとする説、天地の沴気(れいき)によるとする説、食習慣が原因とする説などがあり、江戸時代後期になってようやく天然痘を純然たる伝染病であるとする見解が医家の間にみられるようになった。しかし、「痘神」あるいは「疱瘡(ほうそう)神」に対する信仰が盛んになったのも江戸時代中期以降である。古代の最初の天然痘流行のときにも、病の平癒を願って神に祈り、あるいは神を祀(まつ)ることが行われてはいたが、天然痘の神として特別の神を祀るようになったのは江戸時代中期ごろといわれ、その神体についても諸説あったという。天然痘の発病から治癒に至る経過はある程度規則性があるため、その病期分類が盛んに行われたが、治癒法は対症的なものにとどまった。広く行われていたものに酒湯(米の研ぎ汁と酒を混ぜて沸かしたもので沐浴(もくよく)させる)があり、また、痘の色は赤いほうが経過がよいと考えられていたため、患者や看病する人の衣類、のれん、玩具(がんぐ)などに至るまですべて赤色のものを使う風習もあった。天然痘は人が一生のうちで一度はかかるものとして、「お役」などとよばれ、人はこれを終えてやっと一人前になれると考えられており、通過儀礼的な意味をももっていた。 予防法としての人痘接種はすでにかなり古くからさまざまな地域で行われていた。具体的には痘疹の痂皮(かひ)(かさぶた)を水に溶かして皮膚を刺したり、これを粉にして鼻腔(びくう)へ吹き込む方法、痘疹の膿性漿液(のうせいしょうえき)をつけて皮膚をひっかいたり、皮膚を刺したりする方法である。前者はアジアの一部や11世紀以後の中国で、後者はアフリカの一部やインドなどで行われていた。伝染を防ぐ目的で患者を隔離するようになったのは近世になってからである。 [武井秀夫] 『蟻田功著『科学・技術の最前線2 地球上から天然痘が消えた日――国際医療協力の勝利』(1991・あすなろ書房)』▽『加藤四郎著『ジェンナーの贈り物――天然痘から人類を守った人』(1997・菜根出版)』▽『二宮陸雄著『天然痘に挑む――種痘医 北城諒斎』(1997・平河出版社)』▽『北村敬著『天然痘が消えた』(中公新書)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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