Linear equation - ichijiho teishiki

Japanese: 一次方程式 - いちじほうていしき
Linear equation - ichijiho teishiki

An algebraic equation in which the degree of the unknown is 1. For example, if x, y, and z are unknowns and a, b, etc. are constants, then ax + b = 0, ax + by + c = 0, and ax + by + cz = 0 (assuming the coefficients of the unknowns are not zero) are linear equations. Depending on whether the number of unknowns is 1, 2, etc., they are described as unial, binary, etc. The above examples are linear equations with one unknown, two unknowns, and three unknowns, respectively.

A linear equation with one variable can be transformed into the standard form ax + b = 0. The root (solution) of this equation is -b/a. Except for the condition a ≠ 0, when a = 0, b ≠ 0, the equation is indeterminate or has an infinite number of roots.

In general, when multiple linear equations with two or more unknowns have the same unknown value, the set of equations is called simultaneous linear equations. For example, ax + by + c = 0, a'x + b'y + c' = 0
are simultaneous linear equations with two unknowns. The set of unknown values ​​that make these equations true is called the root (solution) of the simultaneous equations. In this example, when ab'-a'b is not zero, there is only one root, and when it is zero, there are zero roots or an infinite number of roots. This becomes intuitively clear if you think of the linear equation with two unknowns as a straight line equation and plot it graphically. Methods for solving simultaneous linear equations include the equalization method, addition/subtraction method, and substitution method. In addition, the theory of matrices and determinants is used to consider the roots of general simultaneous linear equations.

[Yoshio Takeuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

未知数の次数が1である代数方程式をいう。たとえばx、y、zを未知数、a、bなどを定数とするとき、ax+b=0、ax+by+c=0、ax+by+cz=0(ただし未知数の係数はゼロでないとする)は一次方程式である。未知数の個数が1、2などに応じて一元、二元などと形容する。前記の例はそれぞれ一元、二元および三元の一次方程式である。

 一元一次方程式は、式変形によって標準の形ax+b=0になる。この方程式の根(解)は、-b/aである。a≠0の条件を除けば、a=0、b≠0のとき不能または根が存在せず、a=b=0のときは不定または根が無数にある。

 一般に二元以上の複数個の一次方程式において、同じ文字の未知数は同じ値をとるものとするとき、これら方程式の組を連立一次方程式という。たとえば
  ax+by+c=0, a′x+b′y+c′=0
の組は連立二元一次方程式である。これら方程式をともに成り立たせる未知数の値の組を連立方程式の根(解)という。この例でab′-a′bがゼロでないとき、根は1組だけ存在し、ゼロのときは根が存在しないか、または無数に存在する。このことは、二元一次方程式を直線の方程式とみて、グラフ表示すれば直観的に明らかになる。連立一次方程式の解法には等置法、加減法および代入法などがある。また一般の連立一次方程式の根の考察には、行列および行列式の理論が用いられる。

[竹内芳男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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