This refers to a battery that cannot be recharged and used repeatedly when the active material inside the battery is consumed by drawing current into an external circuit. While storage batteries that can be charged and discharged reversibly are called secondary batteries, disposable batteries are called primary batteries. There are many economical primary batteries, including aqueous electrolytes such as manganese dry batteries (sometimes simply called dry batteries), wet air batteries, and alkaline primary batteries, as well as non-aqueous electrolytes such as lithium primary batteries. They are widely used as power sources for portable lights, watches, portable devices, electronic equipment, and electric toys. Manganese dry batteries are classified into high-performance manganese dry batteries "P" (red label) and ultra-high-performance manganese dry batteries "PU" (black label). Alkaline primary batteries are classified into alkaline manganese batteries, silver oxide batteries, and air-zinc batteries, and alkaline manganese batteries are further subdivided into alkaline dry batteries and alkaline button batteries. Mercury batteries belong to the alkaline primary battery category, but are not currently included in the JIS standard and production has been discontinued due to environmental concerns, with air-zinc batteries replacing them. Lithium primary batteries include manganese dioxide lithium primary batteries, graphite fluoride lithium primary batteries, lithium thionyl chloride primary batteries, lithium iron disulfide primary batteries, copper oxide lithium primary batteries, and iodine lithium primary batteries that use iodine in a complex such as poly(2-vinylpyridine) nI2 . Primary batteries come in a variety of shapes, including circular (shape symbol R), flat (F), non-circular (P), rectangular (S), laminated dry cell, etc. To increase compatibility as a convenient power source and improve user convenience, JIS standards are prescribed for types, performance, dimensions, etc., and consistency with international standards is also being sought. There is also a special type of primary battery called a standard battery, which is used to calibrate the voltage of electronic devices and experimental equipment and produces a highly accurate electromotive force. [Mitsuru Asano] "Battery User's Guide" by Takamura Tsutomu and Sato Yuichi (1988, Corona Publishing)" ▽ "Batteries - Their Chemistry and Materials" by Takehara Zenichiro (1988, Dainippon Tosho)" ▽ "Illustrated Guide to Batteries" by Ikeda Hironosuke, Takeshima Genji and Umeo Yoshiyuki (1996, Nihon Jitsugyo Publishing)" ▽ "Battery Handbook" edited by David Linden and translated by Takamura Tsutomu (1996, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "The Science of Batteries - A Great Supporting Role in Our Lives" by Okada Kazuo (1997, Morikita Publishing)" ▽ "Electrochemistry" edited by Ogumi Zenpachi (2000, Ohmsha)" ▽ "Electrochemistry Handbook" edited by the Electrochemical Society (2000, Maruzen)" ▽ "Battery Handbook" edited by the Battery Handbook Editorial Committee (2001, Maruzen) [Reference items] | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Manganese dry battery and alkaline manganese battery… ©Shogakukan "> Silver oxide battery structure ©Shogakukan "> Structure of zinc-air battery (button type) ©Takashi Aoki Structure of stacked dry cell ©Takashi Aoki Structure of manganese dioxide lithium battery Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
外部回路に電流を取り出して電池内の活物質が消耗すると、ふたたび充電して繰り返し使用できない電池をいう。充電/放電の可逆性がある蓄電池が二次電池とよばれているのに対応して、使い切りの電池は一次電池といわれる。 一次電池には経済性に優れたものが多く、電解質が水溶液系のものとしてマンガン乾電池(単に乾電池と表示されたこともある)、空気湿電池、アルカリ一次電池があり、また非水溶液系としてリチウム一次電池がある。携帯電灯、時計、ポータブル機器や電子装置、電動玩具(がんぐ)などの電源として広く使用されている。 マンガン乾電池は高性能マンガン乾電池「P」(赤ラベル)と超高性能マンガン乾電池「PU」(黒ラベル)に等級区分されている。またアルカリ一次電池はアルカリマンガン電池、酸化銀電池、空気亜鉛電池(空気電池)に分類され、アルカリマンガン電池はさらにアルカリ乾電池とアルカリボタン電池に細分されている。水銀電池はアルカリ一次電池に属するが、現在JIS規格にはなく、環境問題から生産が中止されていて、空気亜鉛電池が代替品となっている。リチウム一次電池には正極活物質に使用する材料により二酸化マンガンリチウム一次電池、フッ化黒鉛リチウム一次電池、塩化チオニルリチウム一次電池、二硫化鉄リチウム一次電池、酸化銅リチウム一次電池、そしてヨウ素をポリ(2‐ビニルピリジン)nI2のような錯体で用いるヨウ素リチウム一次電池などがある。 一次電池には円形(形状記号R)、平形(F)、非円形(P)、角形(S)、積層乾電池など種々の形状のものがある。手軽な電源として互換性を高め、利用者の便利性を向上するために種類、性能、寸法などにはJIS規格が規定されており、また国際規格との整合性が図られている。 なお、特殊な一次電池として標準電池がある。これは電子機器や実験装置の電圧の校正に用いられるもので、精度の高い起電力を示す。 [浅野 満] 『高村勉・佐藤祐一著『ユーザーのための電池読本』(1988・コロナ社)』▽『竹原善一郎著『電池――その化学と材料』(1988・大日本図書)』▽『池田宏之助編著、武島源二・梅尾良之著『「図解」電池のはなし』(1996・日本実業出版社)』▽『ダヴィッド・リンデン編、高村勉監訳『電池ハンドブック』(1996・朝倉書店)』▽『岡田和夫著『電池のサイエンス――くらしをささえる名脇役』(1997・森北出版)』▽『小久見善八編著『電気化学』(2000・オーム社)』▽『電気化学会編『電気化学便覧』(2000・丸善)』▽『電池便覧編集委員会編『電池便覧』(2001・丸善)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> マンガン乾電池とアルカリマンガン電池の… ©Shogakukan"> 酸化銀電池の構造 ©Shogakukan"> 空気亜鉛電池の構造(ボタン形) ©青木 隆"> 積層乾電池の構造 ©青木 隆"> 二酸化マンガンリチウム電池の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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