American filmmaker and entrepreneur. Born December 5th in Chicago. At the age of 19, he made a paper-cut animation film in Kansas, which led to bankruptcy. In 1923, he went to Hollywood and set up an old camera in an old garage, where he made series such as "Alice in Cartoonland" and "Oswald the Rabbit," but his characters, which were just beginning to gain popularity, were snatched away by distributors. He eventually released "Steamboat Willie" (1928), one of the "Mickey Mouse" series, as the first talkie cartoon, which became a huge hit. Since then, he has consistently been innovative in terms of technology and popular in expression. First, they made the Silly Symphony series into color (Technicolor) before they made feature films, and won an Academy Award for their first film, Flowers and Trees (1932, released as Morning Glory). From then on, they won consecutive awards in the best cartoon film category in the 1930s, and by 1985 had won 29 Academy Awards, the most ever. In 1937, they developed a multi-plane film stand to create a sense of depth. They also completed the Mill Symphony, which served as a test film for the film, and the world's first color feature film, Snow White, in the same year, proving that cartoons could be a box office hit just like feature films, rather than just a side story. In 1940, they produced the world's first feature film in stereo sound, Fantasia, followed by Dumbo (1941) and Bambi (1942). The expansion of World War II closed off foreign markets and caused him financial hardship, but in Three Caballeros (1945) he demonstrated new techniques, including the first use of color and the merging of cartoon and live action. After the war, in addition to his specialty feature-length animations from "Cinderella" (1950) to "The Jungle Book" (1965), he expanded his field to include a series of animal documentaries that "added effects through editing techniques," beginning with "The Island of the Otter" (1949), and feature films, beginning with "Treasure Island" (1950). He also worked on three-dimensional and large-scale film productions, attempting 3D (three-dimensional) cartoons with "Melody" in 1953 and widescreen cartoons with "Pukadon Symphony". He also developed a method of fixing animators' drawings to cels by improving the Xerox, and all current television cartoons are based on this streamlined system. He was also active in television, which the film world was still shying away from at the time, and from 1954 he released series such as "Disneyland," "The Mickey Mouse Club," and "Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck," which were skillful re-edits of his old works, and these series are still running today under different titles. Through his films, Disney sang to humanity the dreamlike kindness, the harshness of nature, and sometimes the terror of nightmares, weaving together his own unique humor and gags. The attractions of Disneyland, the massive amusement park that opened in California in 1955, are embodied in his methodology as both a writer for popular entertainment and an engineer-entrepreneur. He passed away from lung cancer on December 15, 1966. Since then, Disney theme parks such as Disney World in Florida in 1971, Tokyo Disneyland in Urayasu, Chiba Prefecture in 1983, and Euro Disney in Paris in 1992 have opened, and his activities continue to be carried on in the name of the Walt Disney Company even after his death. [Takuya Mori] "The Art of Disney" by Christopher Finch, translated by Mieko Maeda (1977, Kodansha) " "Walt Disney" by Bob Thomas, translated by Etsuko Tamaki and Masako Notouji (1995, Kodansha)" [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの映画製作者、企業家。12月5日シカゴに生まれる。19歳のとき、カンザスで切り紙アニメーション映画をつくって破産。1923年ハリウッドへ出て、古ガレージに古カメラを据え、「漫画の国のアリス」「うさぎのオスワルド」などのシリーズをつくるが、人気が出始めたキャラクターを配給業者に奪われるなどの目にあう。やがて「ミッキー・マウス」シリーズの一つ『蒸気船ウィリー号』(1928)を最初のトーキー漫画として発表、大当りをとる。以来彼は一貫して、技術面では革新的、表現においては大衆的であり続けた。 まず「シリー・シンフォニー」シリーズを、劇映画に先んじて三原色カラー(テクニカラー)化し、その第1作『花と木』(1932。封切名『森の朝』)でアカデミー賞を受けた。以後、1930年代の漫画映画部門の賞を連続受賞し、1985年までに受けたアカデミー賞は29回、最多受賞記録である。1937年には、奥行のある画面を得るため、マルチプレーン(多層)撮影台を開発。そのテストを兼ねた『風車小屋のシンフォニー』を、さらに同年世界最初のカラー長編『白雪姫』を完成、漫画映画が添え物の短編ではなく、劇映画同様に興行のメインとしてヒットすることを立証した。1940年には世界最初のステレオ・サウンドによる長編『ファンタジア』を、続いて『ダンボ』(1941)、『バンビ』(1942)などを製作。第二次世界大戦の拡大によって海外市場が閉鎖され、彼は経済的に苦境にたったが、『3人の騎士』(1945)では、カラーで最初の、漫画と実写の合成を行うなどの新技法を示した。 戦後は、『シンデレラ』(1950)から『ジャングル・ブック』(1965)に至る、お家芸の長編アニメーションのほか、『おっとせいの島』(1949)に始まる、「編集技術による演出を加味した」動物記録映画シリーズや、『宝島』(1950)に始まる劇映画路線にまで間口を広げた。また、映画の立体化、大型化にも取り組み、1953年には『メロディ』で3D(スリーディー)漫画、『プカドン交響楽』でワイドスクリーン漫画を試みた。さらに、ゼロックスを改良してアニメーターの描画をセルに定着する方法を開発し、現在のテレビ漫画はすべてその合理化システムのうえに成立している。彼はまた当時の映画界がまだ敬遠していたテレビにも積極的で、1954年から、旧作の巧みな再編集による「ディズニーランド」「ミッキー・マウス・クラブ」「ミッキー・マウスとドナルド・ダック」などのシリーズを発表、これらはタイトルを変えて現在も続いている。 ディズニーは、映画を通じて、夢幻的な優しさと自然の厳しさ、ときには悪夢の恐怖などを、独自のユーモアやギャグを織り成してヒューマンにうたいあげた。1955年にカリフォルニアに開園した大規模な遊園地「ディズニーランド」のアトラクションには、大衆娯楽作家であると同時にエンジニア的企業家でもある彼の方法論が生きている。1966年12月15日肺癌(がん)のため没した。その後、1971年フロリダに「ディズニー・ワールド」、1983年千葉県浦安市に「東京ディズニーランド」、1992年パリに「ユーロディズニー」などのディズニー・テーマパークがオープンするなど、その活動は、ディズニー亡きあともウォルト・ディズニー・カンパニーの名とともに継承されている。 [森 卓也] 『クリストファー・フィンチ著、前田三恵子訳『ディズニーの芸術』(1977・講談社)』▽『ボブ・トマス著、玉置悦子・能登路雅子訳『ウォルト・ディズニー』(1995・講談社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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