Roux, Wilhelm

Japanese: ルー（英語表記）Roux， Wilhelm

Born: June 9, 1850, Jena
Died: September 15, 1924, Halle. German zoologist. Founder of experimental embryology. Studied at the universities of Jena, Berlin, and Strasbourg, studying under E. Haeckel at the University of Jena. After serving as an assistant at the Hygiene Institute in Leipzig (1879), professor at the University of Breslau (1886) and the University of Innsbruck (1889), he became professor at the University of Halle in 1895. He claimed that the mechanism of embryonic development could be elucidated by performing surgery on an embryo and tracing how it changed the development, and founded a field of embryology based on this idea, which he named "mechanistic development." One practical example of this is an experiment on the formation of hemiembryos using frog embryos. When one half of a two-cell embryo was burned to death with a hot needle, the surviving half continued to develop and became a deformed individual with only one normal body side. Roux's explanation for this experimental result was that the trait determining factors contained in the fertilized egg are divided into two during the first cell division, and that each cell that makes up the two-cell stage embryo is allocated only the trait determining factors that correspond to one side of the body. Later, when German zoologist H. Driesch subjected a sea urchin embryo to a violent shock, dividing it into individual cells, and observed that normal-shaped individuals emerged from each cell, Roux's interpretation was refuted. The study of developmental mechanisms that Roux founded was carried on and developed by H. Spemann and others, and has become the experimental developmental science of today. Furthermore, the Journal of Developmental Mechanisms, which Roux founded in 1894, was the first specialized journal on experimental developmental science.

Roo
Roux, Pierre-Paul-Émile

Born: December 17, 1853, Charente, Conforens
Died November 3, 1933. French bacteriologist in Paris. He studied medicine at the University of Paris, and in 1878 he joined the Pasteur Institute, where he spent 10 years working with L. Pasteur. He discovered that when weakened anthrax bacteria were injected into sheep or cattle, they would not become infected, even if they came into contact with strong anthrax bacteria. He also studied infectious diseases such as rabies, anthrax, and tetanus. He was director of the institute from 1904 to 1933. In 1888, he was the first to discover, together with A. Yersin, that diphtheria was caused by culture filtrate of the diphtheria bacillus. This discovery, along with E. Behring's later discovery of antitoxin serum, paved the way for immunization and serum therapy for diphtheria.

Roo
Roux, Jacques

Born: 1752. Charente-Pranzac
Died: February 10, 1794. Bizetre, near Paris. One of the radical enragés of the French Revolution. A former priest in Angoulême. When the revolution broke out, he preached to his parishioners that "the land belongs to all equally," and advocated the abolition of seigneurial privileges. In 1791, he joined the Cordeliers Club in Paris and was nicknamed "Little Marat." He swore an oath to the "Civil Constitutions of the Monks" and quickly became a "priest of the sans-culottes," but was not elected to the National Convention, and thereafter became a radical who mainly engaged in extraparliamentary activities. He demanded maximum prices, food requisitions, and punishment for speculators, and criticized the inconsistency of the revolutionary government, which led to a backlash from the Mountain faction. He was arrested in September 1793 and committed suicide the following year.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1850.6.9. イェナ
[没]1924.9.15. ハレ
ドイツの動物学者。実験発生学の創始者。イェナ，ベルリン，シュトラスブルク各大学で学び，イェナ大学では E.ヘッケルに師事。ライプチヒの衛生研究所助手 (1879) ，ブレスラウ大学 (86) ，インスブルック大学 (89) の教授を経て，1895年よりハレ大学教授。彼は，胚に手術を施して，それが発生をどう変化させるかを追跡することにより胚発生の機構が解明できると唱え，そのような理念に基づく発生学を創始して，発生機構学と名づけた。その実践例の一つがカエル胚を用いた半胚形成の実験である。2細胞期の胚の片側の半分を熱した針を用いて焼殺すと，生残ったほうが発生を続け，正常な体の片側だけをもつ奇形の個体となる。この実験結果に対してルーは，受精卵が最初に行う細胞分裂の際に，そこに含まれる形質決定因子が2分され，2細胞期の胚を構成するそれぞれの細胞には体の片側に対応する形質決定因子だけしか配分されないためであると説明した。後年，ドイツの動物学者 H.ドリーシュがウニの胚に激しい衝撃を与えてこれをばらばらの細胞に分け，それぞれの細胞から正常な形の個体が発生してくるのを観察するに及び，ルーの解釈は否定されることとなった。ルーの創始した発生機構学は，H.シュペーマンらに受継がれ，発展をとげて，今日の実験発生学になっている。また，94年にルーが創刊した『発生機構学雑誌』は，最初の実験発生学の専門誌である。

ルー
Roux， Pierre-Paul-Émile

[生]1853.12.17. シャラント，コンフォラン
[没]1933.11.3. パリ
フランスの細菌学者。パリ大学で医学を修め，1878年パスツール研究所に入り，10年間 L.パスツールとともに研究生活をおくり，弱毒化した炭疽菌をヒツジやウシに注射すると，強い炭疽菌に接触させても感染しないことを発見した。さらに狂犬病，炭疽，破傷風などの感染症を研究した。 1904～33年同研究所の所長。 1888年には初めてジフテリア菌の培養ろ液でジフテリアが起ることを A.イェルサンとともに発見した。この発見はのちの E.ベーリングの抗毒素血清の発見とともに，ジフテリアの免疫と血清療法に道を開いたものであった。

ルー
Roux， Jacques

[生]1752. シャラントプランザック
[没]1794.2.10. パリ付近ビゼートル
フランス革命の過激派 enragéの一人。アングレームの司祭出身。革命が起ると，教区民に「土地はすべてのものに平等に属する」と説いて領主特権の廃棄を主張した。 1791年パリでコルドリエ・クラブに加盟し「小マラー」の異名を取った。「僧侶民事基本法」に宣誓し，急速に「サン＝キュロットの司祭」となったが，国民公会の議員に選出されず，以後，議会外活動を主とする過激派になった。最高価格制，食糧徴発，投機業者の処罰を要求し，革命政府の不徹底を批判したため山岳派の反発を招き，93年9月逮捕され，翌年自殺した。

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