When several waves are superimposed, and the whole vibrates in tune with one frequency and the same phase, this is called a standing wave. When two sine waves with the same frequency and the same polarization (direction of displacement of the medium) but traveling in opposite directions are superimposed, such as an incident wave and a reflected wave, the medium performs simple harmonic motion, and the places where the amplitude is maximum and minimum, that is, antinodes and nodes, appear alternately at equal intervals. The shortest distance between antinodes and nodes is equal to half the wavelength of the wave. The displacement u(x,t) of the medium at position x and time t is the sum of the displacements u1 and u2 of the two waves, u(x,t)= u1 (x,t)+ u2 (x,t) When one end of a string is fixed and the other end is connected to a prong of an electromagnetic tuning fork, and the string is vibrated in a direction perpendicular to the string, a transverse standing wave is generated in the string. By illuminating with a strobe light, it is possible to observe the change in the standing wave over time. Kundt's experiment is well known as an experiment on longitudinal standing waves in an air column inside a glass tube. Hertz observed the standing waves generated by the superposition of electromagnetic waves and their reflected waves by a metal plate, and was the first to experimentally prove the existence of electromagnetic waves. [Yoshiro Kainuma] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
いくつかの波の重ね合わせにより、全体が一つの振動数、同じ位相で調子をあわせて振動する場合、これを定常波または定在波という。入射波と反射波のように、同じ振動数と同じ偏り(媒質の変位の方向)をもち、進行方向は逆向きの二つの正弦波の重ね合わせがおこると、媒質は単振動をし、その振幅が最大になる場所と最小になる場所、すなわち腹(はら)と節(ふし)とが交互に等間隔に現れる。腹と腹、節と節との間の最短距離は波の波長の半分に等しい。位置x、時刻tにおける媒質の変位u(x,t)は、二つの波の変位u1とu2の和として 一端を固定した弦の他端に電磁音叉(おんさ)の脚をつなぎ、弦に垂直な方向に振動すれば、弦に横波の定常波が生ずる。ストロボ光で照明すれば、定常波の時間的変化を観察することができる。ガラス管内の気柱の縦波の定常波の実験としてはクントの実験がよく知られている。ヘルツは、電磁波と金属板によるその反射波との重ね合わせによって生ずる定常波を観察し、初めて電磁波の実在を実験的に証明した。 [飼沼芳郎] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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