Zenkyoto Movement - Zenkyoto Movement

Japanese: 全共闘運動 - ぜんきょうとううんどう

Zenkyoto is an abbreviation of the All-Gaku Joint Struggle Conference. After the mid-1960s, Zengakuren split into various factions, and the unity of the student movement, consisting of each university's student council and Zengakuren, lost its power. Meanwhile, under the old-fashioned university system that could not keep up with the popularization of universities, student discontent reached an ignition point due to the progress of mass-produced education, the strengthening of student management, and chronic increases in tuition fees. Influenced by the trends of student revolts worldwide, such as the May Revolution in France, and the Cultural Revolution in China, coupled with the rise of the anti-Vietnam War movement in Japan, a chain reaction exploded in 1968-1969, with many non-partisan students and students with relatively little interest in political activities gathering together, and at its peak, 165 universities nationwide were in a state of conflict, and 70 schools were closed off with barricades. The core of the struggle at that time was the Zenkyoto, a method of uniting voluntary fighting groups based on classes, clubs, etc., without relying on the leadership of existing movement organizations such as student councils or political parties. Under this structure, the movement was led by individual "subjects" rather than organizations, and direct action such as mass collective bargaining was adopted without the idea of "representation." The ethics of not only the university authorities but also the students themselves were questioned, and issues such as "self-denial" and "self-transformation" became issues. The Tokyo University Zenkyoto and Nihon University Zenkyoto are famous, and at Tokyo University, it began with demands for reform of the medical school education system, such as the internship system, and at Nihon University, it was triggered by the problem of 2 billion yen of unaccounted funds, and fierce struggles followed. In January 1969, the Yasuda Auditorium at Tokyo University, where students had barricaded themselves, "fell" in a battle with riot police, and the situation at universities around the country was quelled by police force, and the Zenkyoto movement came to an end. Its ideas and style of movement have been carried over to some residents' movements and other movements.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

全共闘は全学共闘会議の略。1960年代半ば以降，全学連は各派に分裂，各大学自治会―全学連という学生運動の結集の形態はその力を失っていった。一方，大学の大衆化に対応しきれない旧態依然たる大学体制のもと，マス・プロ教育の進行，学生管理強化，学費の慢性的値上げなど，学生の不満は発火点にまで達しており，フランスの五月革命などの世界的な学生反乱の動向や中国の文化大革命にも影響をうけ，また国内のベトナム反戦運動の高揚などとも相まって，1968年―1969年，連鎖反応的に爆発，無党派学生や政治活動に比較的関心の少ない学生が多数結集し，ピーク時には全国165大学が紛争状態，70校でバリケード封鎖が行われた。この際に闘争の核となったのが〈全共闘〉で，自治会などの既存の運動組織や党派などの指導によらず，クラス，サークルなどを単位とした自発的な闘争体の連合の方式だった。この形態のもと，運動を担うのは組織であるより個人的〈主体〉であるとされ，大衆団交など〈代表〉の発想をとらない直接行動様式がとられるとともに，大学当局のみならず自らの倫理性が問い返されて，〈自己否定〉や〈自己変革〉などが問題とされた。東大全共闘，日大全共闘が有名で，東大ではインターン制度など医学部教育体制の改革要求に端を発し，日大では20億円の使途不明金問題をきっかけとして，激しく闘われたが，1969年１月，学生が立てこもっていた東大安田講堂が機動隊との攻防で〈落城〉したほか，全国の大学で警察力により沈静化され，全共闘運動は終息していった。その理念や運動のスタイルは，一部住民運動などに引き継がれている。
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