Kruszewski, M.

Japanese: Kruszewski,M.(英語表記)KruszewskiM
Kruszewski, M.


[Pioneers of structural linguistics]
From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, linguistic research was dominated by the historical comparative study of Indo-European languages ​​(comparative linguistics) by the Young Grammar School, and there was little progress in describing living languages ​​or studying the nature of language in general, and there was limited to an uncritical reliance on the concepts and frameworks of traditional Greek and Latin grammar, and popular interpretations that identified or confused language with consciousness, psychology, and thought. However, American Sanskrit scholar W.D. Whitney, Polish comparative linguist Baudouin de Courtenay of Imperial Russia, and his student Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851-87) at Kazan University, among others, had already correctly grasped the symbolic nature of language as a means of social communication in their writings and lectures from the 1970s to the 1980s, and presented the idea of ​​phonemic units with a distinctive function at its heart. They all argued for the possibility of a new field of universalist and structuralist linguistic research that would study the social functions and symbolic properties of language common to all languages, but their work ended up being ignored by the majority of scholars of their time.

From [Slavic Studies]

...The Croatian Vatroslav Jagić (1838-1923), who taught at the University of Vienna from 1887, also taught in Germany and Russia, promoting cooperation between researchers in the various countries. Russia produced such linguists and philologists as Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev (1818-97), Aleksandr Afanas'evich Potebnya (1835-91), Aleksei Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920), known for his studies of chronicles, Aleksandr Nikolaevich Veselovskii (1838-1906), a literary scholar, and Aleksandr Nikolaevich Pypin (1833-1904), who wrote a comprehensive History of Slavic Literature. Polish linguists Baudouin de Courtenay and Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851-87) were also active mainly in Russia. In Poland, Aleksander Brückner (1856-1939), author of the Dictionary of the Etymology of the Polish Language, Oskar Kolberg (1814-90), author of folklore, and in the Czech Republic, Lubor Niederle (1865-1944), author of Slavic antiquity, are well known.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Kruszewski, M." are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:


[構造言語学の先駆者たち]
 19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけての言語研究は青年文法学派によるインド・ヨーロッパ語の史的比較研究(比較言語学)が主流をなし,生きた言語の記述や言語一般の性質の研究はあまり振るわず,しかも伝統的なギリシア・ラテン文法の概念や枠組みへの無批判な依存や,言語と意識・心理・思考を同一視ないし混同する俗流的解釈にとどまっていた。しかし,アメリカのサンスクリット学者W.D.ホイットニーや帝政ロシアの比較言語学者であるポーランド人のボードゥアン・ド・クルトネとカザン大学でのその弟子クルシェフスキMikołaj Kruszewski(1851‐87)らはすでに19世紀の70年代から80年代にかけてその著作や講義の中で社会的な伝達の手段としての言語の記号的性質を正しく把握し,その中心に弁別的機能をもつ音素的な単位を想定する考えを示した。彼らはいずれも諸言語に共通する,ことばの社会的機能や記号的性質を研究する普遍主義的・構造主義的な言語研究の新しい分野の可能性を説いたが,同時代の大多数の学者から無視される結果となった。…

【スラブ学】より

…87年よりウィーン大学の講座を担当したクロアチア人のヤギチVatroslav Jagić(1838‐1923)は,ドイツやロシアでも教壇に立ち,各国の研究者の連係をはかった。ロシアでは言語学者ないし文献学者のブスラーエフFyodor Ivanovich Buslaev(1818‐97),ポテブニャAleksandr Afanas’evich Potebnya(1835‐91),年代記の研究で知られるシャフマトフAleksei Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov(1864‐1920),文学研究のベセロフスキーAleksandr Nikolaevich Veselovskii(1838‐1906),総合的な《スラブ文学史》のプイピンAleksandr Nikolaevich Pypin(1833‐1904)などが輩出し,またポーランド出身の言語学者ボードゥアン・ド・クルトネ,クルシェフスキMikołaj Kruszewski(1851‐87)もおもにロシアで活動した。ポーランドでは《ポーランド語語源辞典》のブリュクネルAleksander Brückner(1856‐1939),民俗学のコルベルクOskar Kolberg(1814‐90),チェコではスラブ古代史のニーデルレLubor Niederle(1865‐1944)などが知られる。…

※「Kruszewski,M.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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