In the fields of economics and finance, a simple symbol such as "AAA" or "BB" is used to express the degree of security of whether or not a bond or other instrument can repay its principal and interest. Credit rating. It is also used to classify the construction capabilities of companies bidding on public works projects. It was established in the United States with the aim of making it easier for investors to understand the creditworthiness of bonds, etc., and in Japan it is also applied to government bonds, corporate bonds, local government bonds, commercial paper (CP), and bonds issued by universities, medical institutions, etc. They are ranked based on financial status and profitability, and the higher the rating, the lower the cost of raising funds from the market. Well-known rating agencies include Standard & Poor's (S&P) and Moody's Investors Service in the United States, and Fitch Ratings in Europe and the United States, while in Japan there are Rating and Investment Information, Inc. (R&I) and Japan Credit Rating Agency, Ltd. (JCR), etc. In principle, ratings are conducted at the request of companies and other organizations for a fee, but there are also "unofficial ratings" conducted by rating agencies based on securities and other factors. The problem with subprime loans, which triggered the global financial crisis in 2008, was that rating agencies had given high ratings to securitized products backed by these loans, despite their low creditworthiness. As a result, the G8 Summit and other organizations have come up with a policy to strengthen regulations on rating agencies, and Japan is also considering introducing a registration system and strengthening inspections and supervision. Bidding ratings for public works projects have been used to discourage companies that lack the construction capabilities to bid, but as part of bidding reforms following the bid-rigging scandal, there have been moves to reexamine the ratings system, and some have pointed out that this is leading to problems such as a decline in the quality of projects. [Takeshi Yano] "The Q&A Rating System: The Future of Ratings as Quasi-Public Goods" by Hitoshi Mikuni (2009, Institute of Financial Affairs) [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
経済・金融分野で、債券などの元本・利息がきちんと払えるかどうかの安全度を「AAA」「BB」といった簡単な記号で表すこと。信用格付け。また、公共工事入札で、入札する企業の施工能力を分類する際にも適用される。 投資家に債券などの信用度をわかりやすく表示しようとする目的からアメリカで定着し、日本でも、国債、社債、地方債、コマーシャルペーパー(CP)などのほか、大学や医療機関などが発行する債券にも適用される。財務状況や収益力などを基準にランク付けされ、高い格付けを得るほど、市場から低コストで資金を調達できる利点がある。 格付け会社では、アメリカのスタンダード・アンド・プアーズ(S&P)、ムーディーズ・インベスターズ・サービス、欧米系のフィッチ・レーティングスなどが有名で、日本では格付投資情報センター(R&I)、日本格付研究所(JCR)などがある。格付けは原則的に企業などの依頼を受けて有料で実施するが、格付け会社が有価証券などを基に独自に実施する「勝手格付け」もある。 2008年の世界金融危機の契機となったサブプライムローンについては、信用度が低いにもかかわらず、格付け会社が同ローンを裏づけとする証券化商品に高い格付けを与えていたことが問題となった。このため主要国首脳会議(サミット)などは、格付け会社の規制を強化する方針を打ち出し、日本でも登録制度の導入や検査・監督強化が検討されている。 公共工事の入札格付けは、施工能力の足りない企業が応札しないように利用されてきたが、談合事件を受けた入札改革で、格付けを見直す動きもあり、これが事業の品質低下といった問題につながっているとの指摘も出ている。 [矢野 武] 『三國仁司著『Q&A格付けの仕組み――“準公共財”としての格付けのゆくえ』(2009・金融財政事情研究会)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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