Acacia

Japanese: アカシア - あかしあ
Acacia

A general term for trees of the genus Acacia in the family Fabaceae (APG classification: Fabaceae). In Japan, the term acacia generally refers to a different genus, the Robinia pseudoacacia. This genus is found mostly in Australia, and has about 650 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions such as Africa, Arabia, and America. It is an evergreen tree with alternate leaves and small bipinnate compound leaves with small leaflets, or the petioles are flattened and deformed into simple leaves. The flowers are small and clustered in a small spherical head, forming a raceme. The petals are small and the numerous stamens, which are much longer than the petals, are conspicuous. The fruit is a pod that is bead-shaped or cylindrical. It generally contains rhizobia and grows well in poor soil, and several species are cultivated in warm areas of Japan for ornamental purposes. The seeds are hard and easy to germinate when treated with boiling water.

[Yoshio Kobayashi October 18, 2019]

kinds

Acacia dealbata Link is native to southern Australia and Tasmania. Its leaves are bipinnate with 13-25 pairs of pinnae, initially silvery white and later turning gray-green. In February and March, it produces more than 30 dark yellow flower heads that open. It can be grown as cut flowers or in gardens, and can overwinter outdoors in Tokyo if it is protected from the cold wind. Acacia baileyana FvMuell. is native to Australia. Its leaves are bipinnate with silvery gray leaves and 3-4 pairs of pinnae. It produces many bright yellow flower heads in February and March, and is cultivated for cut flowers, where it is called mimosa (French). Other species that produce pseudophylls with modified petioles include Acacia triangularis, Acacia melanoxylon, and Acacia mollissima. There are many useful plants in this genus, such as Acacia solanacearum and Acacia acacia.

[Yoshio Kobayashi October 18, 2019]

use

Apart from timber and ornamental uses, gum arabic is extracted from the secretions of the trunks of the Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., which is also known as the stenocarpa (A. seyal Delile) from East Africa, the Acacia horrida ( A. horrida ) from South Africa, the Vachellia nilotica (L.) PJHHurter et Mabb. ( A. arabica Willd.) native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, and the Acacia dealbata ( A. dealbata Link) from Australia. The juice from the broth of the wood of the Acacia catechu ( A. catechu ) Willd. in India is used as an astringent, hemostatic agent, tanning material, and dye (black and brown). In addition, perfume is made from the flowers of A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. and Vachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger ( A. cavenia Bert.), and A. pycnantha Benth. is called golden wattle and is the national flower of Australia. Many acacias are suitable for greening wastelands, and the deep-rooted A. seyal Delile is particularly promising for greening dry areas. Also, Feidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev. ( A. albida Delile), which grows in the dry season and loses its leaves in the rainy season, is gaining attention as fodder in the dry season in tropical regions.

[Hiroshi Yuasa October 18, 2019]

[References] | Gum arabic | Acacia gum tree | Robinia pseudoacacia
Acacia dealbata
The leaves are bipinnate and have 13 to 25 pairs of pinnae. In February and March, they produce many deep yellow flower heads. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Acacia dealbata


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マメ科(APG分類:マメ科)アカシア属の樹木の総称。日本で一般にアカシアとよぶのは本属とは別で、ハリエンジュ属Robiniaのニセアカシアのことをさす。本属はオーストラリアに多く、アフリカ、アラビア、アメリカなどの熱帯、亜熱帯に約650種分布する。常緑樹で、葉は互生し、小葉の小さい2回羽状複葉の葉をもつか、または、葉柄が平たく変形した仮葉が単葉状になる。花は小球形の頭状に集まり総状花序をなす。花弁は小さく、花弁よりはるかに長い雄しべが多数あって目だつ。果実はさやになり、数珠(じゅず)状または円筒状。一般に根粒菌をもち、やせ地でもよく育ち、日本でも数種が観賞用に暖地で栽培されている。種子は堅いので熱湯処理すると発芽しやすい。

[小林義雄 2019年10月18日]

種類

フサアカシアA. dealbata Linkはオーストラリア南部、タスマニア島原産で、葉は2回羽状複葉で羽片は13~25対あり、初め銀白色で後に灰緑色になる。2~3月に濃黄色頭状の花球が30個以上ついて開く。切り花用や庭木に植え、東京でも寒風を避ければ戸外で越冬する。ギンヨウアカシア(ハナアカシア)A. baileyana F.v.Muell.はオーストラリア原産で、葉は銀灰色の2回羽状複葉で3~4対の羽片がある。2~3月に鮮黄色の花球を多数つけ、切り花用に栽培され、ミモザmimosa(フランス語)とよばれている。葉柄が変形した仮葉をつけるサンカクバアカシア、メラノキシロンアカシア、モリシマアカシアなども栽培されている。本属には有用植物も多く、ソウシジュ、アラビアゴムノキなどがある。

[小林義雄 2019年10月18日]

利用

木材や観賞用以外にも用途は広く、アラビアゴムノキ(アカシア・セネガル)A. senegal (L.) Willd.の幹の分泌物からはアラビアゴムがとれる。同類に東アフリカのステノカルパA. seyal Delile(A. stenocarpa Hochst.)、南アフリカのホリダA. horrida Willd.、アフリカやアラビア半島が原産のアラビアゴムモドキVachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter et Mabb.(A. arabica Willd.)、オーストラリアのフサアカシア(デアルバータ)A. dealbata Linkなどがある。またインドのペグノキ(アセンヤクノキ)A. catechu Willd.の材の煮汁からはカテキュー(阿仙薬(あせんやく))がとれ、収斂(しゅうれん)剤や止血剤、なめし皮料や染料(黒と茶色)に利用される。ほかにキンゴウカン(金合歓)A. farnesiana (L.) Willd.やカベニアVachellia caven (Molina) Seigler et Ebinger(A. cavenia Bert.)の花からは香水がつくられ、ピクナンサA. pycnantha Benth.はゴールデン・ワッツルとよばれてオーストラリアの国花になっている。アカシアの多くは荒れ地の緑化に適し、なかでも深根性のセヤルA. seyal Delileは乾燥地の緑化に有望である。また乾期に茂り雨期に落葉するアルビダFeidherbia albida (Delile) A.Chev.(A. albida Delile)は、熱帯地域での乾期における飼料として注目されつつある。

[湯浅浩史 2019年10月18日]

[参照項目] | アラビアゴム | アラビアゴムノキ | ソウシジュ | ニセアカシア
フサアカシア
葉は2回羽状複葉で羽片は13~25対。2~3月に濃黄色で頭状の花球を多数つける©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

フサアカシア


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