The last and largest revolt (1863-64) by the Polish noble class (szlachta) seeking liberation from Russian rule. In May 1862, against the backdrop of the political instability of the Russian Empire after the Crimean War, an underground organization for the uprising, the National Central Committee, was formed in Russian Poland, centered on radical intellectuals of the noble class (the "Reds"). The civil governor of the Congress Kingdom (Kingdom of Poland), A. Wieropolski, tried to halt the movement by issuing a provisional conscription order, but failed. On January 22, 1863, an uprising broke out in Warsaw and a Provisional National Government was proclaimed. The revolt quickly spread throughout the Congress Kingdom, Lithuania (Litwa), Belarus, and parts of Ukraine, culminating in the summer of the same year. However, although the uprising involved the urban lower classes and some peasants, the majority of peasants remained outside the movement's sphere. The January decree granted peasants the right to own their arable land and promised land to poor peasants who participated in the uprising, but the implementation of the decree was delayed by the moderates (the "White Party") who took the lead in the Provisional Government in April 1863, so it was ineffective. By the time R. Traugut became dictator in October and promised to fully implement the decree, the movement was already in decline, and in March 1864 the Russian Tsar issued a decree emancipating the peasants under more favorable terms, making the uprising completely meaningless. Thus the uprising took on the character of a war rather than a revolution, but militarily it was unable to develop anything more than sporadic actions by poorly equipped guerrilla units. Diplomatically, the Russians hoped for intervention from Britain and France, but faced firm refusal from the Russian side and lost all prospects. In the latter half of 1863, 300,000 Russian regular troops under T. Berg and M. Muravyov were deployed, and the police's pursuit became more severe, so the uprising movement waned and was virtually extinguished in April 1864. The experience of the January Uprising prompted a shift in the independence movement from insurrectionism to organic labor at home, inspired international solidarity movements such as the First International abroad, and also had a significant influence on the change in policy of Japan's anti-foreigner movement (→ Joi Theory). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ロシアの支配からの解放を求めてポーランドの士族階級 (シュラフタ ) が起した最後かつ最大の反乱 (1863~64) 。クリミア戦争後のロシア帝国の政治情勢の流動化を背景として,1862年5月ロシア領ポーランドに急進的な士族階級出身の知識人 (「赤党」) を中心とした蜂起のための地下組織「国民中央委員会」が結成された。会議王国 (ポーランド王国) の民政長官 A.ウィエロポルスキは臨時徴兵令を発してこの動きを封じようとしたが失敗,63年1月 22日ワルシャワに蜂起が勃発し,臨時国民政府が宣された。反乱はたちまち会議王国全土,リトアニア (リトワ) ,白ロシア,ウクライナの一部に波及し,同年夏に最高潮に達した。しかし蜂起は都市下層民,一部農民を巻込んだものの,大多数の農民は運動の圏外にとどまった。1月の布告は農民の耕地所有権を認め,蜂起に参加する貧農に土地を約束したが,63年4月臨時政府の指導権を握った穏健派 (「白党」) が布告の実施を遅らせたため効果を発揮せず,10月に R.トラウグートが独裁官となり,布告の完全実施を約束したときには,運動はすでに退潮期にあり,64年3月ロシア皇帝がより有利な条件の農民解放令を布告したため,まったく意味を失った。こうして蜂起は革命というよりも戦争の性格を帯びることになったが,軍事的には装備の劣るゲリラ部隊の散発的な行動以上のものを展開することができなかった。外交的にはイギリス,フランスの介入を期待して画策したが,ロシア側の断固たる拒否にあい,見通しを失った。 63年後半に T.ベルク,M.ムラビヨフ麾下の 30万のロシア正規軍が投入され,警察の追及がきびしくなるに及び,蜂起運動は下火となり,64年4月事実上消滅した。一月蜂起の経験は,国内では一揆主義から有機的労働へと独立運動の転換を促し,国外では第1インターナショナルのような国際連帯運動にきっかけを与え,また日本の攘夷運動 (→攘夷論 ) の方針転換にも少なからず影響を及ぼした。
出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
…[Mitsuo Chihara]. . . *Some of the terminology t...
It is also called Oceania. The name "Oceania...
Located in Shizuoka City, Shizuoka Prefecture, at ...
In 1789 (Kansei 1), the Order for the Cancellatio...
...This is a group of works with the motifs of ho...
The name of a school of court songs (Roei, Saibara...
A county in the Taihang Mountains in the midwest o...
A fleshy protuberance on the head of certain galli...
...The walls of the ingested bacteria are dissolv...
...A port city on the Malabar Coast in the northe...
...Galvani, an anatomist at the University of Bol...
The name of the recipient, as written on a letter ...
1797‐1848 German poet. Born into an old baronial f...
...Their habitat depth varies depending on age, s...
…The City Hall began to be used as a royal palace...