Potential energy - ichi-en-erga (English spelling)

Japanese: 位置エネルギー - いちエネルギー(英語表記)potential energy
Potential energy - ichi-en-erga (English spelling)
It is also called potential energy. When an object with mass m at height h on Earth falls along an arbitrary path to the surface of the earth, if the acceleration of gravity is g , the work done by gravity on this object is mgh , and during this time the object can do work on other things equal to mgh . mgh is called the potential energy of gravity. When a linear spring with spring constant k is stretched (or contracted) by a distance x from its normal length, a Hooke's force kx acts on it, trying to return it to its normal length, and it does work of kx 2 /2 on other things until it returns to its normal length. kx 2 /2 is called the elastic potential energy of the spring.
In general, when the work done by a force acting on a mass point is determined only by the initial position r and the final position r ' of the mass point and is not related to the path or speed along the way, the work can be written as U ( r ) - U ( r '). Work can only be written in this form for forces known as conservative forces, such as gravity and spring forces, and U ( r ) is called the potential energy of this conservative force. U ( r ) is arbitrary only by the additive constant, but if you define a value at an appropriate reference point, it is determined only by position r . For example, if you use position r ' as the reference point and define U ( r ') = 0, U ( r ) represents the work done by conservative forces on the mass point while it is moving from position r to the reference point, and is determined only by position r . The mass point can do work of U ( r ) on others during this movement. This is considered to be the potential energy that the mass point has because it is at point r in the force field of conservative forces, and is called the potential energy relative to the reference point r '. The potential energy U ( r ) has this meaning because we have chosen its value at the reference point to be zero and have set the undetermined additional constants to zero, which is the most convenient choice.
The gravitational force Gmm '/ r2 ( G is the gravitational constant) acting between two objects, masses m and m ', a distance r apart , is also a conservative force, and if we consider the point mass of m ' to be the origin, then the potential energy of m , a distance r away, is given by U ( r ) = -Gmm '/ r . However, the reference point is chosen to be the point at infinity, r = ∞, so U (∞) = 0. Note that the ability to do work can also be thought of as latent within the force field itself, rather than as a point mass within a conservative force field, in which case the potential energy is called the potential of the force field.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ポテンシャルエネルギーともいう。地球上で高さ h にある質量 m の物体が地表まで任意の経路に沿って落下するときに,重力加速度を g とすると,重力がこの物体に対して行う仕事は mgh ,この間に物体は他に対して mgh だけの仕事をすることができる。 mgh を重力の位置エネルギーという。ばね定数 k の線型ばねは正常な長さから x だけ伸ばす (または縮める) と正常な長さに戻ろうとするフックの力 kx が働き,正常な長さに戻るまでに他に対して kx2/2 だけの仕事をする。 kx2/2 をばねの弾性の位置エネルギーという。
一般に,質点に働く力がする仕事は,その質点の初めの位置 r と終りの位置 r' だけで決り,途中の経路や遅速に関係しないとき,その仕事は U(r)-U(r') と書ける。仕事がこの形に書けるのは保存力と呼ばれる種類の力,たとえば重力やばねの力などの場合だけであって,U(r) をこの保存力の位置エネルギーという。 U(r) は付加定数だけの任意性をもつが,適当な基準点での値を定めれば位置 r だけで決る。たとえば,位置 r' を基準点として U(r')=0 と定めれば,U(r) は位置 r から基準点まで移動する間に保存力が質点になす仕事を表わし,位置 r だけで決る。質点はこの移動の間に他に対して U(r) だけの仕事をすることができる。これは質点が保存力の力場の中の点 r にあるために潜在的にもつエネルギーと考えて,基準点 r' に関する位置エネルギーと呼ぶ。位置エネルギー U(r) がこのような意味をもつのは,基準点での値をゼロに選んで未定の付加定数をゼロに定めたからであって,この選択が最も便利である。
距離 r だけ離れた質量 mm' の2物体の間に働く万有引力 Gmm'/r2 ( G は万有引力定数 ) も保存力であって,m' の質点を原点と考えるとき,r だけ離れた m の位置エネルギーは U(r)=-Gmm'/r で与えられる。ただし,基準点を無限遠点 r=∞ に選んで,U(∞)=0 としている。なお,仕事をする能力は保存力場の中にある質点ではなく,力場そのものの中に潜在していると考えることもでき,そのときには位置エネルギーのことを力場のポテンシャルという。

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