Electrolysis

Japanese: 電気分解 - でんきぶんかい(英語表記)electrolysis
Electrolysis

This refers to passing an electric current through an ionic conductor, such as an electrolyte solution or molten salt, to cause a chemical change. It is also called electrolysis for short. In practice, to pass an electric current, a pair of electrodes (rod- ​​or plate-shaped conductors made of metal or graphite) are inserted into the ionic conductor and a DC power source is connected to them. When a current is passed through it, positive ions are electrically attracted to the electrode with the lower potential (called the cathode), and negative ions are electrically attracted to the electrode with the higher potential (called the anode), and the charges of the ions are neutralized (discharged) on the electrode surfaces, causing a chemical change.

For example, when salt water is electrolyzed using platinum electrodes,
Cl - ―→ Cl+e, 2Cl ―→ Cl 2
At the cathode, gaseous chlorine is generated, while at the cathode,
Na + +e ―→ Na,
Na+H 2 O ―→ Na + +OH - +H,
2H → H2
As a result, hydrogen is generated, which is the same as if hydrogen ions were discharged instead of sodium ions.

In addition, when a pair of copper plate electrodes is placed in an aqueous solution of copper sulfate and electrolysis is performed,
Cu―→Cu2 ++ 2e
On the cathode,
Cu2 + +2e-->Cu
At the anode, metallic copper dissolves (ionizes) and metallic copper precipitates, respectively. Generally, at the anode, a reaction occurs in which metals become cations and anions become atoms or molecules -- an oxidation reaction -- while at the cathode, a reduction reaction occurs in which cations become atoms or molecules or precipitate as metals -- a reduction reaction. The minimum voltage required to subsequently obtain electrolytic products is called the decomposition voltage. Faraday's law holds true between the amount of electricity during electrolysis and the amount of substance produced.

Electrolysis has many industrial applications, including electrolysis, electrometallurgy, electrolytic polishing, electroplating, and the manufacture of electrolytic capacitors, as well as the electrolysis of salt solutions to produce chlorine and caustic soda (sodium hydroxide).

[Toda Genjiro]

[Reference] | Electrolytic oxidation and reduction reactions | Faraday's law
Electrolysis and batteries
©Shogakukan ">

Electrolysis and batteries


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電解質水溶液あるいは溶融塩などのイオン伝導体に、電流を流して化学変化をおこさせることをいう。略して電解ともいう。実際には電流を流すためにイオン伝導体の中に1対の電極(金属や黒鉛などの棒状あるいは板状の導体)を挿入し、これに直流電源を接続する。電流を流すことにより、陽イオンはより電位の低いほうの電極(陰極という)のほうに、陰イオンは電位の高いほうの電極(陽極という)のほうに電気的に引かれて移動してきて、電極表面でイオンの電荷が中和され(放電)、化学変化をおこす。

 たとえば、白金電極を用い食塩水を電解した場合、陽極では、
  Cl- ―→ Cl+e, 2Cl ―→ Cl2
のように気体の塩素を発生し、一方陰極では、
  Na++e ―→ Na,
  Na+H2O ―→ Na++OH-+H,
  2H → H2
となり、結局、水素イオンがナトリウムイオンのかわりに放電したのと同じ結果で、水素を発生する。

 また、硫酸銅の水溶液中に1対の銅板電極をつけて電解すると、陽極上では、
  Cu―→Cu2++2e
陰極上では、
  Cu2++2e―→Cu
と、それぞれ金属銅の溶解(イオン化)と金属銅の析出がおこる。このように一般に、陽極においては金属が陽イオンになったり、陰イオンが原子や分子になったりする反応――酸化反応がおこり、陰極においては陽イオンが原子や分子になったり、金属として析出する反応――還元反応がおこる。電解生成物がひきつづいて得られるために必要な最小電圧を分解電圧decomposition voltageという。電解の際の電気量と生成する物質の量との間にはファラデーの法則が成立する。

 電気分解は実際に工業的にも広く利用されている。そのなかには電解分析、電気冶金(やきん)、電解研摩、電気めっき、電解コンデンサーの製造など、また食塩水の電気分解による塩素およびカ性ソーダ(水酸化ナトリウム)の製造などがある。

[戸田源治郎]

[参照項目] | 電解酸化・還元反応 | ファラデーの法則
電気分解と電池
©Shogakukan">

電気分解と電池


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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