Direct energy conversion

Japanese: 直接発電 - ちょくせつはつでん(英語表記)direct energy conversion
Direct energy conversion

This is a method of extracting electrical energy directly from a certain form of energy without using a rotating machine generator, i.e. without going through kinetic energy. In the current mainstream power generation method using generators, thermal power generation uses the energy from atomic, coal, heavy oil, etc. as thermal energy to rotate a turbine, while hydroelectric power generation uses the potential energy of water at high altitudes to rotate a generator. In direct power generation, various types of energy are directly converted into electrical energy. There are several types of direct power generation, as follows:

(1) Solar Cells: Light is shone on the pn junction of a semiconductor (the part of the semiconductor where the p-type and n-type regions meet), and the light energy is directly extracted as an electric current through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells have long been used to power devices such as calculators and clocks, and since the beginning of the 21st century they have been used as renewable energy power generation systems. Solar power generation systems that combine solar cells with inverters (known as power conditioners) and can be connected to commercial power grids are widely used as distributed power generation systems for home and business use.

(2) Fuel Cells Electricity is generated by reacting hydrogen and oxygen. They use the reverse reaction of the electrolysis of water to directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. They have a structure in which an electrolyte is sandwiched between a negative electrode (hydrogen electrode) and a positive electrode (oxygen electrode). Fuel cells are classified into phosphoric acid type, solid polymer type, etc. depending on the type of electrolyte. Development has progressed for use as power sources for automobiles, domestic heat and power supply systems (cogeneration), and power sources for portable devices, and some have been in practical use since the 2000s.

(3) MHD power generation: A strong magnetic field is created, and when a high-temperature, conductive gas is caused to flow at high speed between electrodes placed within the magnetic field, a direct current electromotive force is generated between the electrodes through electromagnetic induction and the Hall effect, and electricity is produced. Research into MHD power generation has been carried out as one of the large-scale power generation methods, but research and development has been halted due to issues with the durability of the equipment in the face of high-temperature fluids.

(4) Thermoelectric power generation: The Seebeck effect is used to generate a potential difference when a temperature difference is applied to the two junctions of dissimilar metals or semiconductors. The temperature difference can be directly converted into electricity, so development is underway to use waste heat, etc. Since the output that can be obtained from a single device is small, thermoelectric power generation is done by combining them together.

(5) Vibration power generation: This is a method of directly converting pressure generated on a vibrating surface due to vibration into electricity using piezoelectric elements. These are installed on roads, bridges, etc., and generate electricity using the vibrations of pedestrians and cars. The amount of electricity generated is very small, so research and development is currently underway for practical use.

[Masayuki Morimoto]

[Reference] | MHD power generation | Vibration power generation | Solar cells | Thermoelectric power generation | Fuel cells

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

あるエネルギー形態から回転機の発電機を用いずに、すなわち運動エネルギーを経ないで直接電気エネルギーを取り出す方式をいう。現在の発電方式の主流である発電機を用いる方式は、火力発電では原子力、石炭、重油などがもつエネルギーを熱エネルギーとしてタービンの回転に用い、水力発電では高所にある水がもつ位置エネルギーを用いて発電機を回転させるのであるが、直接発電では各種のエネルギーから電気エネルギーへの直接変換が行われる。直接発電は次のようないくつかの方式がある。

(1)太陽電池 半導体のpn接合部(半導体中でp形とn形の領域が接している部分)に光を当て、光起電力効果によりその光エネルギーを直接電流として取り出す。電卓や時計などの電源に古くから実用化されており、21世紀に入ってからは再生可能エネルギーの発電システムとして実用化されている。太陽電池とインバーター(パワーコンディショナーとよばれる)とを組み合わせた商用電力系統に連系可能なソーラー発電システムは、家庭用、事業用の分散発電システムとして広く使われている。

(2)燃料電池 水素と酸素を反応させて電力を取り出す。水の電気分解の逆方向の反応を利用し、化学エネルギーを直接電気エネルギーに変換する。負極(水素極)と正極(酸素極)の間に電解質を挟んだ構造である。燃料電池は電解質の種類によってリン酸形、固体高分子形などに分類されている。自動車電源、家庭用熱電併給装置(コ・ジェネレーション)、携帯機器用電源などの開発が進められ、2000年代以降、実用化されているものもある。

(3)MHD発電 強い磁界をつくり、磁界内に設けた電極間に高温で導電性をもつガスを高速度で走らせるとき、電極間に電磁誘導およびホール効果によって生ずる直流起電力を得て、電気を取り出す。MHD発電は大規模な発電方式の一つとして研究が進められたが、高温の流体に対する機器の耐久性の問題があり研究開発は中断している。

(4)熱電発電 異質の金属または半導体の両端を接合し、両接合点に温度差を与えたとき生ずる電位差(ゼーベック効果)を利用する。温度差を直接電力に変換できるので排熱などを利用する開発が行われている。単器では得られる出力が少ないので、集合化し利用する。

(5)振動発電 振動により振動面に発生する圧力を、圧電素子などを用いて電力に直接変換するもの。道路や橋などに設置して、歩行者や車などの振動を利用して発電する。発電量がごくわずかであり実用化に向けて研究開発中である。

[森本雅之]

[参照項目] | MHD発電 | 振動発電 | 太陽電池 | 熱電発電 | 燃料電池

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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