Datura stramonium - Datura stramonium

Japanese: チョウセンアサガオ - ちょうせんあさがお
Datura stramonium - Datura stramonium

A perennial plant of the Solanaceae family (APG classification: Solanaceae), it grows as a shrub in the tropics, but in Japan it grows as an annual. It is native to tropical Asia (India). It was introduced to Japan during the Edo period and cultivated, but it is difficult to cultivate and the yield is not profitable for medicinal purposes, so it is rarely seen today. The stem is upright, about 1 meter tall, and divided into many pale green branches. The leaves are alternate or opposite, broadly ovate, entire or with a few deeply wavy serrations. The petiole is long. From summer to autumn, a single flower is produced in each leaf axil. The calyx is long and tubular, with five lobes at the tip. The corolla is white or pale purple, large and funnel-shaped, 10 to 15 cm long, with a slender tube and a pointed lobe at the end. There are five stamens and one pistil. The fruit is a spherical capsule about 2.5 cm in diameter, with many thick, short spines on the surface. The short stalk is characterized by a curved shape that causes the fruit to droop. When the fruit ripens, it splits irregularly at the tip, and inside it are many flat, gray-brown seeds. Since the entire plant contains the alkaloid scopolamine, the leaves and seeds are used as analgesics, antispasmodics, and cough suppressants to treat stomachaches and asthma. However, if the dosage is incorrect, it can cause a manic state that can last for several days, so it was once called crazy eggplant. The Japanese name, Chosen, means foreign, and the name Asagao comes from the shape of its flower. It is also known as Mandarage (Mandara flower). Its Chinese name is Western gold flower.

A species similar to Datura stramonium L. ( D. tatula L.) is known. Datura stramonium is native to tropical America and was introduced to Japan in 1879 (Meiji 12). The stems and petioles are purple, and the fruits are about 3 cm long, oval, and erect. Mature fruits can be distinguished from Datura stramonium by their deep four lobes at the top and dark brown seeds. The flowers are white, and the stems and petioles are green. The fruit has fewer spines, but the ones with large and small, conspicuous spines are called white-flowered Datura stramonium, and this species is now growing wild all over the world. "Yoshu" means Western, or foreign. The alkaloid in both species is hyoscyamine (atropine), and its medicinal properties are the same as those of Datura stramonium.

[Motoo Nagasawa June 21, 2021]

Datura stramonium
The leaves are broadly ovate, with entire or wavy sawtooth edges. From summer to autumn, a single flower appears in each leaf axil. The corolla is white or pale purple, funnel-shaped, and the tips of the lobes are pointed like tails. ©Shogakukan Photo by Okuyama Hisashi ">

Datura stramonium


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ナス科(APG分類:ナス科)の多年草で、熱帯では低木状となるが、日本で栽培すると一年草となる。原産は熱帯アジア(インド)。日本には江戸時代に伝えられ、栽培もされたが、栽培がむずかしいうえに、薬用としての収量の面でも採算があわず、今日ではほとんどみられない。茎は直立し、高さ約1メートル、多くの淡緑色の枝に分かれる。葉は互生だが対生状にもなり、広卵形で全縁または深い波状の少数の鋸歯(きょし)をもつ。葉柄は長い。夏から秋にかけて、葉腋(ようえき)に1個ずつ花をつける。萼(がく)は筒状で長く、先端は5裂する。花冠は白色または淡紫色の大きな漏斗(ろうと)状で、長さ10~15センチメートル、筒部は細長く、裂片の先は尾状にとがる。雄しべは5個、雌しべは1個。果実は球形の蒴果(さくか)で、径約2.5センチメートル、表面には太くて短い刺(とげ)が多い。短い果柄は、曲がって果実を下垂させるという特徴をもつ。果実は成熟すると先端が不規則に割れ、中には多数の扁平(へんぺい)で灰褐色の種子がある。チョウセンアサガオは、全株にアルカロイドのスコポラミンを含有しているため、葉と種子は鎮痛、鎮けい、鎮咳(ちんがい)剤として胃痛、喘息(ぜんそく)などの治療に用いられる。ただし、分量を誤ると狂躁(きょうそう)状態となり、それが数日間も続くことがあるため、かつてはキチガイナスビともよばれた。なお、和名のチョウセンとは外国の意であり、アサガオはその花形による。またマンダラゲ(曼陀羅華)の異名もある。漢名は洋金花。

 チョウセンアサガオに類似の種として、ヨウシュチョウセンアサガオD. stramonium L.(D. tatula L.)がある。ヨウシュチョウセンアサガオは熱帯アメリカ原産で、日本へは1879年(明治12)に渡来した。茎と葉柄は紫色を帯び、果実は長さ約3センチメートルの卵形で、直立する。成熟した果実は、上部が深く4裂すること、種子の色が黒褐色であることで、チョウセンアサガオとは区別できる。花は白色で、茎と葉柄は緑色。果実の刺の数は少ないが、大小の目だつものをシロバナヨウシュチョウセンアサガオといい、現在ではこの種類が世界各地で野生化している。ヨウシュとは洋種、すなわち外国産という意味である。この両種のアルカロイドはヒヨスチアミン(アトロピン)で、薬効はチョウセンアサガオと同じである。

[長沢元夫 2021年6月21日]

チョウセンアサガオ
葉は広卵形で、全縁または波状の鋸歯をもつ。夏から秋にかけて、葉腋に1個ずつ花をつける。花冠は白色または淡紫色の漏斗状で、裂片の先は尾状にとがる©Shogakukan 撮影/おくやまひさし">

チョウセンアサガオ


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