Primogeniture - choushisozoku

Japanese: 長子相続 - ちょうしそうぞく
Primogeniture - choushisozoku

This refers to inheritance in which the eldest son is the most suitable heir. The Meiji Civil Code, which came into force in 1898 (Meiji 31), adopted the eldest son's priority in inheriting the family head. This was a succession of the inheritance laws of the samurai society of the Edo period, and some parts did not match those of the peasant inheritance laws. The inheritance of the family head in the Meiji Civil Code was a system of inheriting the position of the head of the household, and took the form of status inheritance plus ritual inheritance, but since the head of the household was the owner of the family property, it can be said that its essence was property inheritance. The heirs to the family head were legally determined and ranked according to age, sex, and legitimacy, but if there was no heir designated by law or will, the father or mother of the deceased or the family council would select one. However, with the enforcement of the new Constitution following the end of World War II, it was stated that "laws shall be enacted on the basis of the dignity of the individual and the essential equality of the sexes" with regard to matters related to the family (Constitution, Article 24, Paragraph 2). In response to this, Article 2 of the Civil Code was changed to state that "This Code must be interpreted in a manner that respects the dignity of the individual and the essential equality of the sexes," and in Family Law, the family system was abolished, as was the system of succession to the family headship.

[Minoru Ishikawa and Masamitsu Nozawa]

world

In reality, primogeniture is often seen to coexist with other inheritance forms, depending on the type of rights and property to be inherited. In Africa and elsewhere, it is widely known that the eldest son only inherits certain rights, such as ranks such as chieftainship and religious rights, while land and property are divided among children and relatives. In addition, while it is common for the eldest son to have priority over the male, there are also cases where the first child is given inheritance rights regardless of gender.

In Europe, primogeniture was established as a system only after the feudal society of the Middle Ages, and was not seen in ancient Greece or Rome. In Japan, this system dates back to the Ritsuryo period, but for a long time it coexisted with divided inheritance, and it is said that it was only during the Edo period that the comprehensive system of primogeniture as seen before the war became widely practiced among common people.

[Mitsuru Hamamoto]

[Reference] | Family succession | Youngest son succession

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

長男子を最適者の相続人とする相続をいう。1898年(明治31)に施行された明治民法は、家督相続につき長男子優先相続を採用した。これは江戸時代の武家社会の相続法を承継したものであって、農民の相続法とは一致しないものもあった。明治民法の家督相続は、家長である戸主の地位を承継する制度であって、身分相続に祭祀(さいし)相続を加味した形をとっていたが、戸主は家産の所有者であったから、その本質は財産相続であったといってよい。家督相続人は長幼、男女、嫡非によって法定され順位づけられていたが、法定または遺言による指定の家督相続人のない場合には、被相続人の父や母または親族会が選定するものとされていた。しかし、第二次世界大戦の終結に伴う新憲法の施行により、家族に関する事項について、「法律は、個人の尊厳と両性の本質的平等に立脚して、制定されなければならない」とされた(憲法24条2項)。そして、これをうけて、民法第2条は、「この法律は、個人の尊厳と両性の本質的平等を旨として、解釈しなければならない」と規定し、家族法においては、家制度が廃止され、家督相続の制度も廃止された。

[石川 稔・野澤正充]

世界

長子相続は、実際には、継承される権利や財の種類に応じて、他の相続形式と併存してみられるほうがむしろ多い。長子が相続するのは首長位などの位階や祭祀権などの特定の権利に限られ、土地や財産は子供や親族間で分割相続されるといった社会も、アフリカをはじめとして広く知られている。また、男子優先の長男子相続が普通であるが、性別を問わず第1子に相続権を与える例もある。

 ヨーロッパで長子相続が制度として固まったのは中世封建社会以降のことで、古代ギリシアやローマではみられなかった。日本ではこの制度は律令(りつりょう)期にさかのぼるが、長く分割相続と併存する形で、戦前のような包括的な長男子相続が制度として庶民の間でも広く行われるようになったのは、江戸時代になってからのことといわれる。

[濱本 満]

[参照項目] | 家督相続 | 末子相続

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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