Court painter

Japanese: 宮廷画家 - きゅうていがか
Court painter

A painter who worked directly for the royal family or a high-ranking aristocrat and painted solely to meet their needs. Many of them had studios in palaces or castles and produced their works there. In a broad sense, it can be said that there were court painters in almost every country with a monarchy. For example, they produced many of the murals in the royal houses and tombs of ancient Egypt, and in Greece, Apelles, who served Alexander the Great, is famous. Since the Middle Ages in Europe, the custom of inviting excellent painters to courts around the country spread, and painters also began to aspire to become court painters to gain fame and fortune. Good examples are the Van Eyck brothers at the court of the Duke of Burgundy and the Limbourg brothers at the court of the Duke of Berry. It was common for artists to spend a certain period of time at one court and then move to another. For example, Leonardo da Vinci moved from one family to another, including the Sforza family, the Borgia family, and the Medici family, before finally being invited to the French royal family.

In the early modern period, Rubens, Velázquez, Goya and others were active as court painters. In particular, in the court of Louis XIV of France, the position of court painter was firmly established within the hierarchy, and the position of chief court painter came to signify the highest rank in the art world. Charles Lebrun is an example of this.

This term was not particularly used in China or Japan, but the Chinese painting academy (Hanlin Academy of Painting) and the Japanese painting studios (edokoro) have characteristics common to court painters.

[Nao Tomobe]

[Reference] | Art studio | Art school

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

王室あるいは高位の貴族に直属して、もっぱらその需要に応じて描いた画家。多くは宮殿や城館内にアトリエをもち制作した。広義に考えれば、王制のあるところにはほとんど宮廷画家が存在したといえる。たとえば古代エジプトの王家や墳墓の壁画の多くは彼らの制作であり、ギリシアでは、アレクサンドロス大王に仕えたアペレスが有名である。ヨーロッパの中世以降、各地の宮廷で優れた画家を招聘(しょうへい)する風習が広まり、画家の側も名声と富を得るために宮廷画家となることを望むようになった。ブルゴーニュ侯の宮廷におけるファン・アイク兄弟、ベリー公の宮廷のランブール兄弟などは好例である。一定期間をある宮廷で過ごし、さらに別の宮廷に移ることも多くみられる。たとえばレオナルド・ダ・ビンチの場合、スフォルツァ家、ボルジア家、メディチ家などを転々とし、最後はフランス王家に招かれている。

 近世以降では、ルーベンス、ベラスケス、ゴヤらが宮廷画家として活躍した。とくにフランスのルイ14世の宮廷では、宮廷画家の身分が職制のなかに定着し、首席宮廷画家は美術界の最高位を意味するようになった。シャルル・ルブランがその例である。

 中国や日本ではとくにこの呼称は用いられなかったが、中国の画院(翰林図画院(かんりんとがいん))、日本の絵所(えどころ)などには、宮廷画家に共通する性格がある。

[友部 直]

[参照項目] | 画所 | 画院

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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