A massive star expands off the main sequence after using up all its hydrogen in nuclear fusion reactions in its core. Supergiants range from the young O-type to the more evolved M-type. They are nearly a million times more luminous than the Sun, with a typical red supergiant having a radius several hundred times that of the Sun. They are found mostly along the arms of spiral galaxies and are young on average, only a few million years old, and are not found in older stellar populations. Many are unstable and undergo large mass losses. Cepheid variables, a type of blue supergiant, have a certain relationship between their period of variation and their luminosity, and are used to determine the distances of distant star systems. Red supergiants include Mira-type variables. Rigel, the first magnitude star in Orion, is a blue supergiant, while Betelgeuse and Antares are red supergiants. [Keiichi Kodaira and Hiroyasu Ando] [Reference] | | |A blue supergiant in the constellation Orion. It was also called "Genji Star" in the past. It is also a visible binary star. Photo courtesy of Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory . Beta Orion (Rigel) A red supergiant in the constellation Orion. It was also called "Heikeboshi" in the past. Together with Sirius in Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor, it forms the "Winter Triangle. " Photo provided by Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory . Alpha Orion (Betelgeuse) A red supergiant in the constellation Scorpio (center of photo). To the right of it is the globular cluster M4 ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan "> Alpha Scorpio (Antares) It has expanded to about 1,400 times the size of the Sun, and some parts of its surface (white areas) emit strong radio waves. Photographed by the ALMA telescope ©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/EO'Gorman/P.Kervella "> Betelgeuse (ALMA telescope image) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大質量の恒星が中心部での核融合反応で水素を使い果たし、主系列を離れて膨張したもの。超巨星は若いO型のスペクトル型から進化の進んだM型まで幅広く存在する。太陽の100万倍近くもの光度を有し、典型的な赤色超巨星の半径は太陽半径の数百倍にも達する。渦巻き銀河の腕にそって多く見られ、年齢は平均的に若く、数百万年程度であり、それより古い星の集団にはみられない。多くは不安定な状態にあって、大量の質量放出を行っている。青色超巨星の一種であるケフェウス型変光星は変光周期と光度との間に一定の関係があるので、遠方の恒星系の距離を求めるのに利用される。赤色超巨星にはミラ型変光星が含まれる。オリオン座の1等星であるリゲルは青色超巨星で、ベテルギウスやアンタレスは赤色超巨星である。 [小平桂一・安藤裕康] [参照項目] | | |オリオン座にある青色超巨星。古くは「源氏星」ともよばれた。実視連星でもある写真提供/なよろ市立天文台"> オリオン座β星(リゲル) オリオン座にある赤色超巨星。古くは「平家星」ともよばれた。おおいぬ座のシリウス、こいぬ座のプロキオンと「冬の大三角」をつくる写真提供/なよろ市立天文台"> オリオン座α星(ベテルギウス) さそり座にある赤色超巨星(写真中央)。その右はM4球状星団©国立天文台"> さそり座α星(アンタレス) 太陽の約1400倍にまで膨張し、表面の一部(白い部分)では電波が強くなっている。ALMA望遠鏡により撮影©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/E.O'Gorman/P.Kervella"> ベテルギウス〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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