Long poem - Chouka

Japanese: 長歌 - ちょうか
Long poem - Chouka

A type of waka poem. It is believed to have been named as a long-form poem in contrast to "tanka," but the term was probably established at the stage of the Manyoshu. The flow of poems that were related to ceremonial occasions and were shaped as, so to speak, ritual poems is recognized as the basis for the creation of, for example, Emperor Jomei's national observation poem, "In Yamato there are many mountains, Toriyorof Ame no Kaguyama... Umashi kuni so Akizushima Yamato no kuni wa" (Manyoshu, Volumes 1 and 2 poems), and a style was established at the level of description that came to be called "choka" (long poem). The fact that many of the Manyochoka poems are festive poems written in public places such as imperial visits is also due to the historical nature of this style.

It can be said that Kakinomoto no Hitomaro was the one who established the choka as a waka form. Hitomaro's diverse and multifaceted choka poems were produced in response to the cultural demands of his time, which were to create a Japanese literary art that could rival Chinese poetry, and he revealed the different possibilities of choka as a waka form from tanka. For example, the elegy for the funeral of Prince Takechi no Miko, "I mourn, and wonder at what I say, In the formidable plains of Asuka, I fearfully appoint the gate of heaven, And in Iwagakure I will rest, my great lord..." (Volume 2, 199 poems), is the longest of the Manyo choka, with 149 verses. Its description of the Jinshin War, among other things, demonstrates the possibility of narrative through song. It was largely due to Hitomaro that he established the fixed form of repeating 5-7 lines and concluding with 5-7-7, and it is also believed that he established the tanka style of adding a short poem after a choka. With Hitomaro's achievements, choka reached its peak. After that, Manyo choka gave birth to works of unique realm by Yamanoue no Okura, Yamabe no Akahito and others, but after the Manyoshu, it went into decline. There were sporadic attempts in later times, but its life as a form of poetry ended with the Manyoshu.

[Kanno Shitaka]

"An Introduction to the Manyo Theory" by Katsuhiko Shimizu (1960, Aoki Shoten)" "A Study of Manyo Choka Poems" by Masahiro Okabe (1970, Kazama Shobo)

[Reference] | Tanka

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

和歌の一体。「短歌」に対して、長い形式の歌という意で名づけられたとみられるが、呼称の成立は『万葉集』の段階であろう。儀礼の場とかかわり、いわば儀式歌として形づくられた歌の流れは、たとえば、舒明(じょめい)天皇の国見(くにみ)歌「大和(やまと)には 群山(むらやま)ありと とりよろふ 天(あめ)の香具山(かぐやま)……うまし国そ あきづ島 大和の国は」(『万葉集』巻1、2歌)などを生み出してくる基盤として認められるが、そうした儀式歌の流れを受けながら記載の次元での様式の一つが確立され「長歌」とよばれるようになったものである。万葉長歌の多くが、行幸(ぎょうこう)など公的な場でなされた晴の歌であるのも、そのような様式としての歴史的性格による。

 和歌形式としての長歌を確立したといってよいのは柿本人麻呂(かきのもとのひとまろ)であろう。人麻呂の多様で多面的な長歌の制作は、その時代の文化の要求として、中国の詩に拮抗(きっこう)しうる自国の文芸をつくりだそうということに応じてなされたものであったが、和歌形式としての長歌の、短歌とは異なる可能性をそこに開示した。たとえば、高市皇子(たけちのみこ)の殯宮(あらきのみや)にあたっての挽歌(ばんか)「かけまくも ゆゆしきかも 言はまくも あやに恐(かしこ)き 明日香(あすか)の 真神(まかみ)の原に ひさかたの 天(あま)つ御門(みかど)を 恐(かしこ)くも 定(さだ)めたまひて 神(かむ)さぶと 岩隠(いはがく)ります やすみしし 我(わ)が大君(おほきみ)の……」(巻2、199歌)は、149句という万葉長歌でも最長の作であるが、そのなかの壬申(じんしん)の乱の表現など歌による叙事も可能なことを示したのであった。五・七を繰り返して五・七・七で結ぶという定型をたてたのも人麻呂によるところが大きく、長歌のあとに短歌を添えるという反歌の様式を定着させたのも人麻呂に負うとみられる。このような人麻呂の達成とともに長歌は頂点を迎えた。以後、万葉長歌は山上憶良(やまのうえのおくら)、山部赤人(やまべのあかひと)らの独自な境地の作をも生むが、『万葉集』のあとは衰退した。のちの時代にも散発的な試みはあったが、歌体としての生命は『万葉集』で終わった。

[神野志隆光]

『清水克彦著『万葉論序説』(1960・青木書店)』『岡部政裕著『万葉長歌考説』(1970・風間書房)』

[参照項目] | 反歌

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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