Transcendence means going beyond or being beyond a certain domain, and is opposed to "immanence" which remains within that domain. What exists in the domain beyond is also called transcendence or the transcendent, but the content of this varies depending on the type of domain being transcended. In Christianity, God is considered to be a transcendent God who transcends the world, a transcendent cause that exists outside the world and creates the world from nothing and maintains it (in contrast to this, in pantheism such as Spinoza, God is an immanent cause that exists within the world and regulates it). Furthermore, in Christianity, the realm of faith is considered to be beyond the realm of rational knowledge that is within the reach of human intelligence, and from this, for example, the Gnostics preached the need for mystical knowledge different from rational knowledge, that is, Gnosis, in order to recognize the transcendent God. Also, if the realm to be transcended is the phenomenal world that appears through the senses, then the transcendental realm is a world that cannot be grasped by the senses and can only be known through reason, such as Plato's world of ideas. In the early modern period, a distinction was made between immanence within consciousness and transcendence outside consciousness, based on human consciousness, but internalism does not acknowledge anything that transcends beyond consciousness and reduces everything to representations within consciousness, and its extreme form is solipsistic idealism. On the other hand, various realisms, beginning with naive realism, acknowledge transcendence outside consciousness and preach the independence of objects from consciousness, and materialism also belongs to this lineage. [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
超越とは、ある領域を超え出ること、または超え出ていることで、当の領域内にとどまる「内在」に対立する。また超え出た先の領域に存在するものも、超越もしくは超越者とよばれるが、その内容は超え出られる領域がどのような領域であるかによって種々異なる。 キリスト教では、神は世界から超越した超越神であって、世界の外にあって無から世界を創造し、それを維持していく超越因と考えられる(これに反してスピノザなどの汎神(はんしん)論では、神は世界のなかにあって世界を規制する内在因である)。さらにキリスト教では、信仰の領域は人間の知力の及ぶ合理的認識の領域を超えるものとされ、そこから、たとえばグノーシス派は、超越的な神を認識するのに、合理的知識とは異なる神秘的な知識、すなわちグノーシスの必要を説いた。 また、超え出られる領域が感覚を通じて現れる現象界である場合は、感覚によってはとらえられず、ただ理性によってのみ知られる世界が超越界であって、たとえばプラトンのイデア界がそれにあたる。 近世に入ると、人間の意識を基準として意識内の内在と意識外の超越とが区別されるが、その際意識の外に超越するものを認めないですべてを意識内の表象に還元するのが内在主義で、その極端な形式が唯我(ゆいが)論的な観念論である。他方、意識外の超越を認めて意識からの対象の独立を説くのが、素朴実在論に始まる各種の実在論で、唯物論もこの系列に属する。 [宇都宮芳明] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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