Medium wave - Chuha (English spelling)

Japanese: 中波 - ちゅうは(英語表記)medium wave
Medium wave - Chuha (English spelling)

A classification of radio waves according to wavelength for the convenience of use. A general term commonly used to refer to radio waves with wavelengths ranging from 1000 meters to 100 meters and frequencies ranging from 300 kilohertz to 3000 kilohertz. This range corresponds to the MF band (hectometer wave) in the frequency classification stipulated in the Enforcement Regulations of the Radio Law. Note that the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications' Radio Station Operation Regulations define only the frequency band from 285 kilohertz to 535 kilohertz as the medium wave band.

Even within the band, the propagation characteristics of medium waves vary considerably depending on the frequency. The long wavelength frequency range of 300 to 400 kilohertz is used for radio beacons and other radio signaling services, as it can reliably use ground waves that propagate along the earth's surface. The frequency range of 400 to 535 kilohertz has also been used reliably for short-distance wireless telegraphy on merchant ships for maritime communications. The intermediate frequency band (535 to 1606.5 kilohertz) is used for AM (amplitude modulation) radio broadcasting that uses ground waves, but above 1000 kilohertz, it is diffracted by the ionosphere (E layer is located 90 to 110 kilometers above the ground, and F layer is located 200 to 400 kilometers above the ground) at night, and can reach distances of several hundred kilometers. However, fading (a phenomenon in which the receiver output suddenly deteriorates due to reception distortion caused by interference with waves propagating along different paths) occurs, making it unstable. The frequency band between 1606.5 and 4000 kHz can reach distances of over 1000 km through the ionosphere (F layer), but it is also subject to unstable fading. This frequency band is called "medium and short wave" in the Radio Station Operation Regulations, and is not stable enough for enjoying broadcast reception, but it can be used for business wireless telephones.

Since the antenna length required for transmission and reception is relatively short, it has been used for low-power long-distance radio telegraphs for fishing radio and SSB (single sideband) radiotelephone. Since 1999, GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System) has been introduced for ship communications, and the use of 500 kHz radio telegraphs (SOS) and 400-535 kHz radio telegraphs for distress communications has been discontinued, and distress radio buoys called satellite-based automatic positioning radio beacons have been used unmanned. For this reason, this frequency band is rarely used except for NAVTEX (Navigational Telex), a global service of printed telegraphs for ships, which is used to provide navigational warnings at 518 kHz. Even after the introduction of GMDSS, the use of 2182 kHz by SSB continues as a distress communication frequency for radiotelephones at sea.

[Iwao Ishijima]

[Reference] | MF | Medium wave broadcasting | Radio waves

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電波を利用上の便宜から波長によって分類したものの一つ。波長の範囲は1000メートルから100メートルまで、周波数の範囲は300キロヘルツから3000キロヘルツまでの電波を慣用的に総称していう。電波法施行規則に定める周波数区分のMF帯(ヘクトメートル波)に相当する領域である。なお、総務省の無線局運用規則では、285キロヘルツから535キロヘルツまでの周波数帯のみを中波帯と定義している。

 中波はその帯域内でも周波数の高低によって伝播(でんぱ)の性質がかなり異なる。波長の長い300キロ~400キロヘルツの周波数領域は、地表面に沿って伝播する地表波が安定に利用できるので、ラジオビーコンのような無線標識業務に使用される。400キロ~535キロヘルツの間も、海上通信用として商船の近距離用無線電信に安定に使用されてきた。中間の周波数帯(535キロ~1606.5キロヘルツ)は、地表波を利用するAM(振幅変調)ラジオ放送に使用されているが、1000キロヘルツを超えるあたりから、夜間に電離層(E層は90キロ~110キロメートル、F層は200キロ~400キロメートルの上空に存在)による回折を受け、数百キロメートルの遠方まで到達するようになる一方、フェージング(異経路伝播波との混信による受信ひずみで、受信機の出力が急激に悪化する現象)が生じて安定性を欠くようになる。1606.5キロ~4000キロヘルツ以下の周波数帯は電離層(F層)を経由して1000キロメートルを超える遠距離まで到達するが、不安定なフェージングも受ける帯域である。無線局運用規則において「中短波」とよばれる周波数帯で、放送の受信を楽しむような安定さは得られないが、業務用の無線電話には使用可能である。

 送受信のアンテナ長も比較的短くてすむところから、漁業無線の小電力長距離の無線電信およびSSB(単側波帯)無線電話に使用されてきた。1999年以降、船舶通信にGMDSS(海上における遭難及び安全に関する世界的な制度)が導入され、遭難通信において500キロヘルツによる無線電信(SOS)の使用と400キロ~535キロヘルツの無線電信の使用を停止し、衛星自動位置指示無線標識という救難用ラジオブイにより無人化された。このため、この周波数帯では518キロヘルツにナブテックス(NAVTEX:Navigational Telex)という船舶向けの印刷電信による航行警報業務が世界的に行われている以外には、ほとんど使用されていない。GMDSS導入後においても、海上における無線電話の遭難通信周波数としてSSBによる2182キロヘルツの使用は続けられている。

[石島 巖]

[参照項目] | MF | 中波放送 | 電波

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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