Centralization - Centralized

Japanese: 中央集権 - ちゅうおうしゅうけん
Centralization - Centralized

In a political community, politics is conducted in a unified manner based on one power, one government, and one law. In this sense, all modern nations have a centralized form of government, and are different from the decentralized rule of a group of territorial states in feudal society. This political ideology arose in conjunction with the recognition that the formation of a unified political community is necessary to maintain political stability within the territory and to prevent invasion by foreign enemies, and specifically appeared in the era of absolutist states in 15th and 16th centuries Europe. However, during this period, political power was in the hands of the king and a few nobles, and the freedom and rights of the people were not fully guaranteed. After the civil revolution, when modern nations emerged, political institutions were designed to prevent the excessive concentration of power from leading to autocracy and to guarantee human rights by establishing separation of powers and local autonomy. It was in this context that the term decentralization was born. After the Second World War, the Japanese Constitution included a chapter on "local autonomy," which can be said to be a declaration of the Constitution's adoption of the principle of popular sovereignty. However, in modern welfare and socialist states, the weight of government has grown significantly to handle welfare and labor administration and military issues, and power has become increasingly centralized, making how to resolve the contradiction between centralization and the rights and freedoms of citizens an important political issue. Bryce once said that "local autonomy is the school of democracy," and in this connection, reforms to "local autonomy," which had previously been mocked as "centralization," began to be implemented in Japan from around the end of the 1990s. The Yukio Hatoyama Cabinet of the Democratic Party of Japan, which was formed in September 2009, took the "local autonomy" reform a step further and proclaimed the principle of "regional sovereignty" to realize local politics under the initiative of local governments and local residents.

[Hiroshi Tanaka]

[References] | Decentralization | Decentralization Promotion Plan | Bryce

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある政治共同体において、一つの権力、一つの政府、一つの法律に基づいて政治が統一的に行われること。この意味では、現代の国家はすべて中央集権的統治形態をとり、封建社会におけるような領邦国家の群立する分権的支配とは異なる。このような政治思想は、統一的な政治共同体の形成が、その領域内における政治的安定性を保持し、外敵の侵略を防止するうえで必要である、という認識と結び付いて生じてきたものであり、具体的には、15、16世紀ヨーロッパにおける絶対主義国家の時代になって登場した。しかしこの時代には、政治権力は国王や少数の貴族の手中にあり、国民の自由や権利は十分に保障されなかったから、市民革命後、近代国家が登場すると、権力分立制や地方自治制を確立することによって権力の過度の集中による専制化を防ぎ、人権を保障しようとする政治制度上のくふうがなされたのである。こうした関連の下で地方分権という語が生まれた。第二次世界大戦後、日本国憲法において、とくに「地方自治」という1章が設けられたのは、この憲法が国民主権主義をとっていることを表明したものといえる。もっとも、現代の福祉国家や社会主義国家においては、福祉・労働行政や軍事問題などを処理するために政府の比重が著しく肥大化し、権力の集中化が進行してきているので、中央集権と国民の権利・自由との間の矛盾をどのように解決するかが政治の重要な課題となっている。かつてブライスは「地方自治は民主主義の学校である」と述べたが、それとの関連で日本においても1990年代末ごろから、これまで「中央分権」と揶揄(やゆ)されてきた「地方分権」の改革が進められることになった。そして、2009年(平成21)9月に成立した鳩山由紀夫(はとやまゆきお)民主党内閣では、「地方分権」改革を一歩進めて地方自治体と地域住民の主体の下に地方政治を実現する「地域主権」主義を宣明した。

[田中 浩]

[参照項目] | 地方分権 | 地方分権推進計画 | ブライス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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