Tag - Onigokko

Japanese: 鬼ごっこ - おにごっこ
Tag - Onigokko

It is a type of children's game played outdoors in groups. It has been known since ancient times not only in Japan but also around the world. The characteristic of the game is that one person called Oni is chosen from the group, and the game unfolds with the Oni in conflict with each individual from start to finish. It has long been said that it originated from a religious ceremony. In the end, the Oni submits to the divine power, but before that, he behaves tyrannically towards individual humans. The original form of Kagura, which is performed at many shrines, was a performance that exaggerated this point and handled it in an interesting way to contrast it with the next stage, where the divine power is elevated. The original form of the game of tag imitated the first part of this game, that is, the part where the Oni rampages against the humans. In other words, one Oni is chosen from the group, chased, captured, and replaced by the next Oni. Each act is assigned conditions, such as a limited location, a safe zone when chased, or a method of increasing the number of new Oni under the condition that the captured Oni becomes the next Oni. Over the years, players have devised various ways to add variety and interest to the game. Accordingly, many names have been given to the individual games, such as Blind Oni, Tame Oni, Hidden Oni (kakurenbo), and Round Oni, and new ways of playing the game are still being invented today. Blind Oni is thought to be the oldest form, in which a masked Oni chases around children. Hide-and-seek was probably originally a game in which players searched for children who were afraid and hiding. Children incorporated this into their games, but it is thought that all of these ideas were invented by the children themselves, and it is not believed that adults were involved. Also, when starting to play tag, selecting an Oni is a major challenge. Nowadays, the winner is decided instantly by "janken," but in the past, it was often decided by a chant, which is called "Oni-kime." The chant is remembered in various places, so it seems to have been around for a long time. The chant "Chiccha ko mocha katsura no ha" can be seen in Kitamura Nobuyo's "Kyuu Shoran," written in 1830. Each participant was assigned a character and counted, and the last person to win became the Oni. The long chant "Zui zui zukkorobashi gomamisozui..." well known to people in the Tokyo area, was also used for this Oni-kime. In addition, the rules for playing games are also specified in detail, and in today's world where playgrounds are changing from fields and alleys to small parks in housing complexes, children will skillfully adapt and use these changes, and will likely come up with creative ways to play and pass them on to the next generation.

[Hisako Maruyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

子供の遊戯のうち、戸外で集団で行う遊びの一つ。日本だけでなく世界的にも古くから知られている。遊びの特徴は、集団のなかにオニとよばれる者を1人選んで、終始このオニと個々の者との対立で遊びが展開していく。宗教的行事に起源があることは、昔からいわれていた。結局はこのオニも神威に屈服する形になるが、その前に個々の人間に対して横暴な行動がある。この点を誇張したり、興味をそそる扱い方をして、次の段階の神威を高揚する場面と対照的にしようとした演技が、多くの神社で演じられる神楽(かぐら)のもともとの形であった。鬼ごっこの遊びは、このなかの前段、すなわち人間に対して鬼が暴れ回る部分を模倣したのが、この遊びの原形であった。つまり一群のなかに1人の鬼を選び、追い、捕らえ、次の鬼と交代するという一つ一つの演技に条件をつけて、場所を限定したり、追われた際の安全地帯を設定したり、捕まった者が次の鬼になるという条件のまま鬼として新しい鬼を増やしていく方法など、長い間に遊びの仲間の間で変化をつけ、興味を加えるくふうがなされてきた。それにしたがって個々の名称も、盲(めくら)鬼、ため鬼、かくれ鬼(かくれんぼう)、まる鬼など、多くの名が生まれているが、今日でもまだ新しい遊び方が考案されていよう。盲鬼などはもっとも古い形と思われ、仮面をつけた鬼が人の子を追い回すというものである。かくれんぼうも、恐れて隠れる人の子を探すのがもとの形であったろう。これを子供たちが遊びのなかに取り入れたのであるが、こういうことはすべて子供自身が考え出したもので、成人が関与したとは思われない。また鬼ごっこを始めるにあたっては、鬼を選定することが大きな課題となる。いまは「じゃんけん」でたちまち決まってしまうが、以前は唱え言を使って決める場合が多く、これを「鬼きめ」という。その唱え言は各地に記憶されているから、方法は古くからあったものらしい。文政(ぶんせい)13年(1830)に成った喜多村信節(のぶよ)の『嬉遊笑覧(きゆうしょうらん)』のなかにも「ちっちゃ子もちゃ桂(かつら)の葉」という唱え言がみえている。参加者一人一人に1字ずつあてて数えてゆき、最後にあたったものが鬼になるという方法で、東京付近の人がよく知っている、「ずいずいずっころばし ごまみそずい……」という長い唱え言もこの鬼きめに使われたものであった。このほか遊戯中のルールなども、細かく定められているし、遊び場が原っぱや路地から団地の中の小公園などになり、遊戯場所が変化している今日、子供たちはこれを巧みに対応し利用して、遊び方法もくふうして次の代に引き継いでいくことであろう。

[丸山久子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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