Phase - Isou

Japanese: 位相 - いそう
Phase - Isou

It has two meanings: mathematics and physics.

(1) Mathematical terminology Distance and proximity are used to express the distance between points in a set, and when these concepts are defined according to the problem, topology is said to have been defined. Topology is also used as an abbreviation for a new field of mathematics called topology. It emerged in the 20th century. When there is a one-to-one correspondence between two figures A and B, and this correspondence is continuous from both sides, A and B are said to be in phase. Topology is said to be the study of properties and quantities common to figures with the same phase. Recently, it has become related to algebra and analysis, and has developed into new fields such as topological algebra and functional analysis.

[Haruo Sunouchi]

(2) Physics term: In simple harmonic motion, this is an amount that increases in proportion to the elapsed time. Each time one period of time passes and the same motion is repeated, the phase of the vibration increases by 360 degrees. The position x of a point moving in simple harmonic motion on the x-axis at time t can be calculated using the cosine function as follows:
x=Acos(ωt+α)
Here, A is the amplitude, and the quantity ωt+α in parentheses on the right hand side is the phase of the vibration. ω is the angular frequency, which is equal to 360° × frequency. α is the phase at time zero. For a plane wave traveling in the x direction, the value of the function u that represents the wave motion at position x and time t is
u=Acos(ωt-kx+α)
The quantity in parentheses on the right-hand side, ωt - kx + α, is the phase of the wave. k is the wave number, and is equal to 360° ÷ wavelength. In this plane wave, the phase value is equal on a plane perpendicular to the x-axis. Such a curved surface (wavefront) with the same phase travels at a speed = ω ÷ k. This speed is equal to frequency × wavelength, and is called the phase velocity.

[Yoshiro Kainuma]

[Reference] | Phase space | Simple harmonic motion | Topology

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

数学と物理学の二義がある。

(1)数学用語 集合の点の間の遠近を表すのに、距離や近傍(きんぼう)などを用いるが、問題に応じてこれらの概念が定義されたとき、位相あるいはトポロジーtopologyが定義されたという。位相は、位相数学あるいはトポロジーとよばれる数学の新しい分野の略称としても用いられる。その発生は20世紀になってからである。二つの図形A、Bの間に1対1の対応があり、これが双方から連続なとき、AとBは同位相であるという。位相数学は同位相な図形に共通な性質や量を研究する学問であるといわれている。最近は代数学や解析学とも関連して、位相代数学、関数解析など新しい分野としても発展している。

[洲之内治男]

(2)物理学用語 単振動において、経過した時間に比例して増大する量で、時間が1周期だけ経過して同じ運動が繰り返されるたびに、振動の位相phaseは360度だけ増大する。x軸上で単振動する点の時刻tにおける位置xは、コサイン(余弦(よげん))関数を用いて、
  x=Acos(ωt+α)
と書ける。ここに、Aは振幅、右辺の括弧(かっこ)内の量ωt+αが振動の位相である。ωは角振動数で、360゜×振動数に等しい。αは時刻ゼロにおける位相である。x方向に進む平面波においては、波動を表す関数uの位置x、時刻tにおける値が、
  u=Acos(ωt-kx+α)
と書ける。右辺の括弧内の量ωt-kx+αが波動の位相である。kは波数で、360゜÷波長に等しい。この平面波では、x軸に垂直な平面上では位相の値が等しい。このような同一位相の曲面(波面)が速度=ω÷kで進行する。この速度は振動数×波長に等しく、位相速度とよばれる。

[飼沼芳郎]

[参照項目] | 位相空間 | 単振動 | トポロジー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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