In the Ainu language, it means "fence," "enclosure," or "fortress." They are distributed throughout Hokkaido, and most of the strategic locations along coasts, lakes, and rivers are called chashi, and artificial moats and earthworks can be seen there, and they may also be accompanied by folklore. In this way, many chashi can be said to be fortresses that skillfully utilize the natural terrain and incorporate artificial features. The Moshiriya Chashi in Kushiro City is a natural isolated hillside with a moat around it, shaped like a rice cake offering. Matsuura Takeshiro's Kusuri Diary (1858) contains a legend that says that a being called Onishitomushi came down from heaven, married an Ainu girl, and lived in this chashi. There is also a legend in this region that says that this chashi was impregnable, and that it was attacked by enemies many times but was never defeated. There are more than a dozen chashi in the Saru River basin in Hidaka. The chashi in Abetsu, Biratori Town, is located in a small area near the top of a steep mountain, and legend has it that Ainu treasures were buried there. In fact, parts of armor, pillar holes, and stone paving have been found there. The topography makes it hard to imagine it was a castle. There is an article in Itakura Genjiro's Ezo Zuihitsu (1739) about Ainu hiding utensils, weapons, sword guards, and other items in the mountains, so this chashi must have been a kind of burial site or sacred area. Nioi chashi is located on an isolated hill jutting out into the Nukabira River, a tributary of the Saru River. It is 100 metres long, 50 metres wide and about 40 metres high from the river, with steep cliffs on three sides and a moat 2 metres wide and 2 metres deep at the top dividing it into two flat areas. Legend has it that long ago, the Tokachi Ainu invaded, set fire to the chashi and a battle ensued. As a result of the excavation, just as legend has it, the entire flat area was found to have been burned, with swords and arrowheads scattered about. Remains of a row of fences were also found along the edge of the cliff. There is a passage in the yukar "Kojomaru" that beautifully describes the row of wooden chashi fences, and these remains of the fence row are exactly that. This shows that yukar is highly valuable not only as a literary work but also as a historical document. The age of this chashi is estimated to be around the 17th century, based on the fact that it was directly covered by volcanic ash from the 1667 (Kanbun 7) eruption of Mt. Tarumae, and the age of the ironware, ceramics, and other artifacts excavated from it. Even when viewed from a Hokkaido-wide perspective, the chashi do not seem to date back that far, but they are important ruins for the history of the Ainu and the history of Japan's northern regions. [Kiyohiko Sakurai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アイヌ語で「柵(さく)」「囲い」「砦(とりで)」といった意味をもつ。北海道全道にわたって分布し、海岸や湖沼、河川に沿って、要害な地があれば、そのほとんどがチャシとよばれ、そこには人工の堀や土塁がみられるし、また伝承を伴うこともある。チャシの多くはこのように自然の地形を巧みに利用し、人工を加えた城砦(じょうさい)といえよう。 釧路(くしろ)市内にあるモシリヤのチャシは、自然の独立丘陵の中腹に堀を巡らし、お供え餅(もち)のような形状をしている。松浦武四郎『久摺(くすり)日誌』(1858)には、オニシトムシという者が天から下ってきてアイヌの娘を妻とし、このチャシに住んだという伝承が記載されている。また、このチャシは難攻不落であって、幾度も敵に攻められたが一度も敗れたことがなかったという伝承もこの地方に残っている。 日高の沙流(さる)川流域には、十数か所のチャシが分布している。平取(びらとり)町アベツのチャシは、急峻(きゅうしゅん)な山の頂上近くのわずかな面積の部分にあって、アイヌの宝物を埋めたという伝承がある。事実、鎧(よろい)の一部、柱穴、石畳などがみつかっている。その地形から城砦とは思えない。板倉源次郎『蝦夷(えぞ)随筆』(1739)に、アイヌが山中に器物、兵具、鐔(つば)などを隠し置くという記事があることから、このチャシは一種の埋納場所、聖域といった意味をもつ場所であろう。沙流川の支流の額平(ぬかびら)川に突き出した独立丘陵にニオイチャシがある。長さ100メートル、幅50メートル、川からの高さ40メートルほどで、三面は急な崖(がけ)になり、頂上は上幅2メートル、深さ2メートルの堀によって二つの平坦(へいたん)面に区画されている。昔、十勝アイヌが侵入してきて、このチャシに火をかけ、戦闘が行われたという伝承がある。発掘調査の結果、伝承にあるように、平坦部分一面の火災の跡とともに、刀や鏃(やじり)が散乱した状態で発見された。また、崖ぎわに沿って柵列の跡がみいだされた。ユーカラ『虎杖丸(こじょうまる)』に、チャシの木柵列を美しく表現しているくだりがあるが、この柵列跡はまさにそのものである。ユーカラが文学作品としてだけではなく、歴史史料としても価値の高いものであることを示している。このチャシの年代は、チャシが樽前(たるまえ)岳の1667年(寛文7)噴火の火山灰で直接覆われていること、また、鉄器、陶磁器などの出土品の年代からして17世紀ごろと推定される。全道的にみてもチャシの年代はそれほど古くさかのぼらないと思われるが、アイヌ史あるいはわが国北方史にとって重要な遺跡である。 [櫻井清彦] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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