Plover - Chidori

Japanese: 千鳥 - ちどり

[1]① Many birds. Countless birds. Momodori. Momochidori. ※Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 17.4011 "Five hundred birds set out for the morning hunt, Chidori set out for the evening hunt" ※Azuma Kagami - omission, August ₂ , 1225 "Plovers fly among the Imperial Palace attendants. The Imperial Court is astonished and _judged " ② (from the fact that they fly in _large numbers) A general term for birds of the Charadriidae family. Usually, it refers mainly to birds of the Plover genus, excluding the Golden Plover and the Great Plover. _About 15 to 20 centimeters in total length. The beak is relatively short and swollen at the tip. There are only three digits and no hind digits. The underside of the body is white and the back is gray-brown, and many have black spots on the chest and head. They live on coasts and riverbanks and prey on small animals. Many of them are migratory birds, and species that breed in Japan include the Japanese plover, little plover, and ruffed plover. They have been written about in poetry and other works since ancient times and are familiar to people. Season: Winter *Man'yoshu (late 8th century) 7/1123 "I cannot forget the two birds , the chidori and the kahaz , who sing on the pure banks of the Saho River." *Genji (around 1001-14) Suma "In the usual sleepless moonlit sky, a thousand birds are so sad." ③ A general term for birds of the Charadriidae family and related families. Usually used in the form of plovers. Although some species live on the ground in grasslands, such as lapwings, they are generally water birds, and their legs and beaks are not as long as those of snipes. There are various families such as the Japanese oystercatcher, crab plover, stone plover, swallow plover, and skylark plover. ④ A dance in which the left and right dancers alternate in a weaving motion. Also, the dance itself. In particular, in Kabuki, it refers to a movement in which many people take turns weaving from one person to the right and left. ※Kabuki Shibaraku (1697) "Everyone takes turns as a plover, surrounding the leading actor, and is sure to be absorbed in thought." ⑤ A name for an incense wood. It is classified as agarwood . The aroma is bitter and sour. One of the 61 famous incense woods. ※Takebe Takakatsu's incense notes (collected in the secret teachings of incense) (1573) "First, a plover , the agarwood of the highest order." ⑥ A word used as a nickname for a bald man in the pleasure quarters. ※Zappai Yanagi Taru-48 (1809) "A green plover's release ceremony in Asakusa" ⑦ An abbreviation of "Chidori-kake (Chidori-gake)." ※Kakuhon Kokin Hyaku Baka (1814), vol. 1: "Put your hands in both sleeves and hold them down, Aresa, making your hands into plovers. " ⑧ Abbreviation of "chidori-ashi (staggering feet)." ※Miscellaneous haiku and Senryu Hyō Manku-Awa (1783), Umeji: "The feet of the plover are crowded with people." [2] [I] Kyogen. Various schools. When Tarokaja is refused sake, he tells the sake seller about the plover and yabusame of the Tsushima Festival, mixing in some acting, and while the seller is off guard, he steals the sake barrel and runs away. In Kyogenki, it is called "Tsushima Festival," and in Tensho Kyogenhon, it is called "Hamanachidori." [II] Title of a Jiuta song. (I) Niagarimono. Author unknown. A lyrical song that incorporates various plover patterns. (B) Shigetafumono. Honchō. Composed from a passage in the second act of the Joruri "Heike Nyogojima" by Chikamatsu Monzaemon, "Kikaigashima", in which Tanba Shosho and the female diver part ways. [3] A novel by Suzuki Miekichi. Published in 1906 ( Meiji 39 ). Set on an island in the Seto Inland Sea, it depicts a romantic and elegant depiction of a man's tender longing for a beautiful woman named Fujisan. It is the author's debut work. [4] A famous tea bowl. One of the seven types of Nonko. It is considered the best of the Nonko black Raku tea bowls. It is so named because of the white glaze spots on the body that resemble plovers. It is owned by the Fujita Museum of Art, Osaka. [Etymology] (1) Many of the "Manyoshu" poems are about creatures that live near freshwater bodies, and especially those about the Saho River in Nara City, which have continued to be written about in later generations.
(2) In the Heian period, waka poems began to be written about creatures that live on the seashore, combining the moon in the case of the sea and the mist in the case of rivers, and they are often sung about when they hear the sound of birds singing and think deeply about something. There are few species that live in Japan in winter, but the fact that they are used as a winter seasonal word may have been influenced by the fact that they were used as the theme for winter in the "Horikawa Hyakushu."
(3) The sound of the bird's cry, "chi," can be used to convey a congratulatory meaning, as in "The chidori that lives on the rocks at the foot of the mountain, Shiho, sings miyo o bayachiyo to zo naku (unknown author)" (Kokinshu Ka). In later times, it was heard as "chirichiri" (Toraakirahon Kyogen, Chidori) or "chinchin" (Kayo, Matsunoha, Vol. 3, Chinchinbushi). Based on these, is it appropriate to conclude that the word originates from the bird's cry?
(4) The reason why footprints on beaches and other places are sometimes mentioned is that it is based on the story of the ancient Chinese man Cangjie who created characters by looking at bird tracks (Xianzhao Kokinshu Commentary).

Source: The Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary About the Selected Edition of the Japanese Language Dictionary Information

Japanese:

[1]① 多くの鳥。無数の鳥。ももどり。ももちどり。※万葉（８Ｃ後）一七・四〇一一「朝猟に五百つ鳥立て暮(ゆふ)猟に知登理(チドリ)踏み立て」※吾妻鏡‐脱漏・嘉祿元年（1225）八月二日「御所侍内千鳥飛行。驚有_二御沙汰_一、及_二御占_一」② (多数で群をなして飛ぶところから) チドリ科の鳥の総称。ふつう、ムナグロ、ダイゼンなどを除き、主としてチドリ属の鳥をいう。全長一五～二〇センチメートルくらい。くちばしは比較的短く、先端がふくれている。あし指は三本だけで後指はない。体の下面が白く背面は灰褐色で、胸・頭部に黒斑のあるものが多い。海岸・河原などにすみ小動物を捕食。多くは渡り鳥で、日本で繁殖する種類にシロチドリ、コチドリ、イカルチドリなどがある。古来、詩歌などに詠まれ、人々に親しまれている。《季・冬》※万葉（８Ｃ後）七・一一二三「佐保川の清き川原に鳴く知鳥(チどり)蝦(かはず)と二つ忘れかねつも」※源氏（1001‐14頃）須磨「例の、まどろまれぬあか月の空に、千とりいと哀になく」③ チドリ科およびその近縁の科の鳥の総称。ふつうはチドリ類という形で使われる。ケリ類のように草原の地上棲のものもあるが、一般に水辺の鳥で、脚とくちばしはシギ類ほど長くない。ミヤコドリ、カニチドリ、イシチドリ、ツバメチドリ、ヒバリチドリなどの諸科がある。④ 向き合った踊りの列で左右が交互に縫うように入れかわって踊ること。また、その踊り。特に、歌舞伎で、一人の人物を中心にして、多勢の者が一人ずつかかり右と左に縫うように入れかわる立ち回りをいう。※歌舞伎・暫（1697）「皆々、千鳥に入替り、立役を囲って、思入、きっとなる」⑤ 香木の名。分類は伽羅(きゃら)。香味は苦酸。六十一種名香の一つ。※建部隆勝香之筆記（香道秘伝所収）（1573）「一、千鳥(チドリ)、聞上々の伽羅に御座候」⑥ 遊里で、禿(かぶろ)の通り名として用いられた語。※雑俳・柳多留‐四八（1809）「浅草へみどり千鳥の放生会」⑦ 「ちどりがけ（千鳥掛）」の略。※滑稽本・古今百馬鹿（1814）上「其手を両方の袖の中へ入れて押へるの、アレサ、手を鵆(チドリ)にして」⑧ 「ちどりあし（千鳥足）」の略。※雑俳・川柳評万句合‐天明三（1783）梅二「㒵はさる足は千鳥に人だかり」[2][一] 狂言。各流。酒を断わられた太郎冠者は、酒屋に津島祭の千鳥や流鏑馬(やぶさめ)のことを仕形まじりに話し、油断しているすきに酒だるを取って逃げる。狂言記で「津島祭」、天正狂言本で「浜千鳥」。[二] 地唄の曲名。(イ) 二上がりもの。作者未詳。いろいろな千鳥をよみこんだ抒情的な曲。(ロ) 繁太夫もの。本調子。近松門左衛門作の浄瑠璃「平家女護島」第二段鬼界が島の段の中の、丹波少将と海女の別離の部分の一節より作曲。[三] 小説。鈴木三重吉作。明治三九年（一九〇六）発表。瀬戸内海のある島を舞台に、藤さんという美しい女性に寄せる淡い思慕を浪漫的香気高く描く。作者の処女作。[四] 名物茶碗の一つ。のんこう七種の一つ。のんこうの黒楽茶碗中の白眉とみなされる。胴に千鳥を連想させる白釉の斑文が点存しているところからこの名がある。大阪、藤田美術館蔵。[語誌](1)「万葉集」では、淡水の水辺に棲むものを詠んだものが多く、特に奈良市内の佐保川のものが詠まれ、後世まで続く。
(2)平安時代の和歌では海辺に棲(す)むものも詠むようになり、海の場合は月と、川の場合は霧と取り合わせ、鳴き声を聞いて物思いすると歌うことが多い。冬に日本にいる種は少ないが、冬の季語とするのは、「堀河百首」で冬の題としたことの影響か。
(3)鳴き声をチと聞いて、「しほの山さしでの磯に住む千鳥君がみ代をばやちよとぞ鳴く〈よみ人しらず〉」〔古今‐賀〕のように、祝賀の意を持たせることがある。後世には「チリチリ」〔虎明本狂言・千鳥〕、「チンチン」〔歌謡・松の葉‐三・ちんちんぶし〕と聞きなす。これらによれば語源は鳴き声からとするのが妥当か。
(4)浜などに印する足跡を取り上げることがあるのは、古代中国の蒼頡が鳥の跡を見て文字を作った故事によるとする説がある〔顕昭古今集註〕。

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