Small pieces. Generally refers to wood chips that have been broken into small pieces. They are chopped into pieces that are about 3 centimeters long, 4 centimeters wide, and 0.4 centimeters thick, and are mainly used as a raw material for pulp, and some are used as a raw material for fiberboard. When wood is cooked (boiled to make pulp), cooking liquor is used, but the liquor does not penetrate well into the logs, so the wood is cut into chips. Therefore, chips made from softwood, which has a low density and is relatively easy for the liquor to penetrate, are made large, while chips made from hardwood, which has a high density and is difficult to penetrate, are made quite small. The chips themselves were once produced in pulp and fiberboard factories from logs that had been debarked using a chipper (chip-making machine) and consumed. In Japan, from around 1955 (Showa 30), logs became difficult to obtain due to a shortage of timber resources, and waste wood and firewood began to be chipped outside the pulp factory. In 1964, when Japanese chip ships began transporting wood chips from North America, chips began to be distributed as an international commodity. In 2014, 29,257,000 cubic meters of wood chips were used in pulp production in Japan, of which 9,266,000 cubic meters were domestically produced (7,199,000 cubic meters of softwood and 2,067,000 cubic meters of hardwood), and 19,991,000 cubic meters were imported (3,601,000 cubic meters of softwood and 16,390,000 cubic meters of hardwood). Although about two-thirds of Japan's land area is forested, the steepness of the mountains means that felling and transporting the trees is expensive, so the country relies heavily on cheap imported wood. Of the total chips used in pulp production, 31.7% are domestically produced and 68.3% are imported, but since it is believed that much of the domestic waste wood chips are also made from imported waste wood, it can be said that the raw materials for Japan's pulp industry are almost entirely foreign. [Akio Mita April 18, 2016] "Forests are our Partners," edited and published by the Japan Paper Association (2000) [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
小片。一般に木材を小片にした木材チップを意味する。縦約3センチメートル、横約4センチメートル、厚さ約0.4センチメートルの木片に刻んだもので、おもにパルプの原料として、一部は繊維板の原料として消費される。 木材は蒸解(煮てパルプ化すること)する際に蒸解薬液を用いるが、丸太のままでは薬液の浸透が悪いのでチップ状にする。したがって密度が小さく液の浸透が比較的容易な針葉樹チップは大きく、密度が高く浸透の悪い広葉樹のチップはかなり小さめに製造される。 チップそれ自体は、かつてパルプ工場および繊維板工場のなかで剥皮(はくひ)した丸太からチッパー(チップ製造機)を用いて製造され消費されていた。日本では1955年(昭和30)ごろから木材資源の不足から丸太が入手困難となり、廃材や薪炭(しんたん)材がパルプ工場の外でチップ化されるようになり、1964年、日本のチップ専用船が北米から木材チップの輸送を開始するに及んで、チップは国際商品として流通するようになった。 2014年(平成26)に日本でパルプ生産に利用されたチップは2925万7000立方メートルであるが、そのうち国産チップは926万6000立方メートル(針葉樹材719万9000立方メートル、広葉樹材206万7000立方メートル)、輸入チップは1999万1000立方メートル(針葉樹材360万1000立方メートル、広葉樹材1639万立方メートル)となっている。日本は国土の約3分の2が森林でありながら、山が急峻(きゅうしゅん)なため伐採や搬出に費用がかかるので、安い輸入材に頼る割合が多い。パルプ生産用チップは、総計上は国産原料が31.7%、輸入原料68.3%となっているが、国産の廃材チップも多くは輸入廃材を原料としていると考えられるため、日本のパルプ工業の原料はほとんど外材に依存しているといえよう。 [御田昭雄 2016年4月18日] 『日本製紙連合会編・刊『森林はパートナー』(2000)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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